{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]],"date-time":"2024-10-30T21:53:21Z","timestamp":1730325201692,"version":"3.28.0"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":43,"publisher":"ACM","funder":[{"name":"SNSF","award":["CRSK-2_195707"]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,26]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3501247.3531573","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,24]],"date-time":"2022-06-24T22:41:09Z","timestamp":1656110469000},"page":"348-358","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["The Disinformation Dozen: An Exploratory Analysis of Covid-19 Disinformation Proliferation on Twitter"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"given":"Gianluca","family":"Nogara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"SUPSI, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Padinjaredath Suresh","family":"Vishnuprasad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IISER Tirupati, India"}]},{"given":"Felipe","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SUPSI, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Omran","family":"Ayoub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SUPSI, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Giordano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SUPSI, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Luceri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SUPSI, Switzerland"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1_1","unstructured":"Edmund Andrews. 2019. How fake news spreads like a real virus. https:\/\/engineering.stanford.edu\/magazine\/article\/how-fake-news-spreads-real-virus Edmund Andrews. 2019. How fake news spreads like a real virus. https:\/\/engineering.stanford.edu\/magazine\/article\/how-fake-news-spreads-real-virus"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2_1","volume-title":"Effects of misinformation on COVID-19 individual responses and recommendations for resilience of disastrous consequences of misinformation. Progress in Disaster Science 8 (07","author":"Barua Zapan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zapan Barua , Sajib Barua , Salma Aktar , Najma Kabir , and Mingze Li. 2020. Effects of misinformation on COVID-19 individual responses and recommendations for resilience of disastrous consequences of misinformation. Progress in Disaster Science 8 (07 2020 ), 100119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pdisas.2020.100119 10.1016\/j.pdisas.2020.100119 Zapan Barua, Sajib Barua, Salma Aktar, Najma Kabir, and Mingze Li. 2020. Effects of misinformation on COVID-19 individual responses and recommendations for resilience of disastrous consequences of misinformation. Progress in Disaster Science 8 (07 2020), 100119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pdisas.2020.100119"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_3_1","volume-title":"\u201canti-vax","author":"Benoit L","year":"2021","unstructured":"Staci\u00a0 L Benoit and Rachel\u00a0 F. Mauldin . 2021. The \u201canti-vax \u201d movement: a quantitative report on vaccine beliefs and knowledge across social media. BMC Public Health 21 (11 2021 ). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-021-12114-8 10.1186\/s12889-021-12114-8 Staci\u00a0L Benoit and Rachel\u00a0F. Mauldin. 2021. The \u201canti-vax\u201d movement: a quantitative report on vaccine beliefs and knowledge across social media. BMC Public Health 21 (11 2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-021-12114-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_4_1","unstructured":"Zack Budryk. 2020. Conspiracy theorists who claim 5G linked to coronavirus believed to burn cell towers in Europe. https:\/\/thehill.com\/policy\/technology\/493927-arsonists-falsely-linking-5g-to-coronavirus-burn-cell-towers-in-europe Zack Budryk. 2020. Conspiracy theorists who claim 5G linked to coronavirus believed to burn cell towers in Europe. https:\/\/thehill.com\/policy\/technology\/493927-arsonists-falsely-linking-5g-to-coronavirus-burn-cell-towers-in-europe"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_5_1","volume-title":"Tracking Social Media Discourse About the COVID-19 Pandemic: Development of a Public Coronavirus Twitter Data Set. JMIR Public Health and Surveillance 6 (05","author":"Chen Emily","year":"2020","unstructured":"Emily Chen , Kristina Lerman , and Emilio Ferrara . 2020. Tracking Social Media Discourse About the COVID-19 Pandemic: Development of a Public Coronavirus Twitter Data Set. JMIR Public Health and Surveillance 6 (05 2020 ), e19273. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/19273 10.2196\/19273 Emily Chen, Kristina Lerman, and Emilio Ferrara. 2020. Tracking Social Media Discourse About the COVID-19 Pandemic: Development of a Public Coronavirus Twitter Data Set. JMIR Public Health and Surveillance 6 (05 2020), e19273. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/19273"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_6_1","volume-title":"Neutral bots probe political bias on social media. Nature Communications 12 (09","author":"Chen Wen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wen Chen , Diogo Pacheco , Kai-Cheng Yang , and Filippo Menczer . 2021. Neutral bots probe political bias on social media. Nature Communications 12 (09 2021 ), 5580. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-021-25738-6 10.1038\/s41467-021-25738-6 Wen Chen, Diogo Pacheco, Kai-Cheng Yang, and Filippo Menczer. 2021. Neutral bots probe political bias on social media. Nature Communications 12 (09 2021), 5580. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-021-25738-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_7_1","volume-title":"Misinformation of COVID-19 on the Internet: Infodemiology Study. JMIR Public Health and Surveillance 6 (04","author":"Cuan-Baltazar Jose\u00a0Yunam","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jose\u00a0Yunam Cuan-Baltazar , Maria\u00a0Jos\u00e9 Mu\u00f1oz-Perez , Carolina Robledo-Vega , Maria\u00a0Fernanda P\u00e9rez-Zepeda , and Elena Soto-Vega . 2020. Misinformation of COVID-19 on the Internet: Infodemiology Study. JMIR Public Health and Surveillance 6 (04 2020 ), e18444. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/18444 10.2196\/18444 Jose\u00a0Yunam Cuan-Baltazar, Maria\u00a0Jos\u00e9 Mu\u00f1oz-Perez, Carolina Robledo-Vega, Maria\u00a0Fernanda P\u00e9rez-Zepeda, and Elena Soto-Vega. 2020. Misinformation of COVID-19 on the Internet: Infodemiology Study. JMIR Public Health and Surveillance 6 (04 2020), e18444. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/18444"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_8_1","unstructured":"Sarah Evanega Mark Lynas Jordan Adams and Karinne Smolenyak. 2020. Coronavirus misinformation: quantifying sources and themes in the COVID-19 \u2019infodemic\u2019. https:\/\/allianceforscience.cornell.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Evanega-et-al-Coronavirus-misinformation-submitted_07_23_20-1.pdf Sarah Evanega Mark Lynas Jordan Adams and Karinne Smolenyak. 2020. Coronavirus misinformation: quantifying sources and themes in the COVID-19 \u2019infodemic\u2019. https:\/\/allianceforscience.cornell.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Evanega-et-al-Coronavirus-misinformation-submitted_07_23_20-1.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_9_1","volume-title":"Characterizing social media manipulation in the 2020 U.S. presidential election. First Monday 25 (10","author":"Ferrara Emilio","year":"2020","unstructured":"Emilio Ferrara , Herbert Chang , Emily Chen , Goran Muric , and Jaimin Patel . 2020. Characterizing social media manipulation in the 2020 U.S. presidential election. First Monday 25 (10 2020 ). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5210\/fm.v25i11.11431 10.5210\/fm.v25i11.11431 Emilio Ferrara, Herbert Chang, Emily Chen, Goran Muric, and Jaimin Patel. 2020. Characterizing social media manipulation in the 2020 U.S. presidential election. First Monday 25 (10 2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5210\/fm.v25i11.11431"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_10_1","volume-title":"manipulation, and abuse on social media in the era of COVID-19. Journal of Computational Social Science 3 (11","author":"Ferrara Emilio","year":"2020","unstructured":"Emilio Ferrara , Stefano Cresci , and Luca Luceri . 2020. Misinformation , manipulation, and abuse on social media in the era of COVID-19. Journal of Computational Social Science 3 (11 2020 ). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42001-020-00094-5 10.1007\/s42001-020-00094-5 Emilio Ferrara, Stefano Cresci, and Luca Luceri. 2020. Misinformation, manipulation, and abuse on social media in the era of COVID-19. Journal of Computational Social Science 3 (11 2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42001-020-00094-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_11_1","unstructured":"Center for Countering Digital\u00a0Hate. 2021. The disinformation dozen: Why platforms must act on twelve leading online anti\u2010vaxxers.https:\/\/www.counterhate.com\/_files\/ugd\/f4d9b9_b7cedc0553604720b7137f8663366ee5.pdf Center for Countering Digital\u00a0Hate. 2021. The disinformation dozen: Why platforms must act on twelve leading online anti\u2010vaxxers.https:\/\/www.counterhate.com\/_files\/ugd\/f4d9b9_b7cedc0553604720b7137f8663366ee5.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_12_1","volume-title":"Surge of Virus Misinformation Stumps Facebook and Twitter. The New York Times (03","author":"Frenkel Sheera","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sheera Frenkel , Davey Alba , and Raymond Zhong . 2020. Surge of Virus Misinformation Stumps Facebook and Twitter. The New York Times (03 2020 ). https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2020\/03\/08\/technology\/coronavirus-misinformation-social-media.html Sheera Frenkel, Davey Alba, and Raymond Zhong. 2020. Surge of Virus Misinformation Stumps Facebook and Twitter. The New York Times (03 2020). https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2020\/03\/08\/technology\/coronavirus-misinformation-social-media.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_13_1","volume-title":"Fake news on Twitter during the 2016 U.S. presidential election. Science 363 (01","author":"Grinberg Nir","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nir Grinberg , Kenneth Joseph , Lisa Friedland , Briony Swire-Thompson , and David Lazer . 2019. Fake news on Twitter during the 2016 U.S. presidential election. Science 363 (01 2019 ), 374\u2013378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.aau2706 10.1126\/science.aau2706 Nir Grinberg, Kenneth Joseph, Lisa Friedland, Briony Swire-Thompson, and David Lazer. 2019. Fake news on Twitter during the 2016 U.S. presidential election. Science 363 (01 2019), 374\u2013378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.aau2706"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_14_1","volume-title":"Communicating science and protecting scientists in a time of political instability. Trends in Molecular Medicine 28 (03","author":"Hotez Peter","year":"2022","unstructured":"Peter Hotez . 2022. Communicating science and protecting scientists in a time of political instability. Trends in Molecular Medicine 28 (03 2022 ), 173\u2013175. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.01.001 10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.01.001 Peter Hotez. 2022. Communicating science and protecting scientists in a time of political instability. Trends in Molecular Medicine 28 (03 2022), 173\u2013175. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_15_1","volume-title":"a Continuous Graph Layout Algorithm for Handy Network Visualization Designed for the Gephi Software. PLoS ONE 9 (06","author":"Jacomy Mathieu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mathieu Jacomy , Tommaso Venturini , Sebastien Heymann , and Mathieu Bastian . 2014. ForceAtlas2 , a Continuous Graph Layout Algorithm for Handy Network Visualization Designed for the Gephi Software. PLoS ONE 9 (06 2014 ), e98679. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0098679 10.1371\/journal.pone.0098679 Mathieu Jacomy, Tommaso Venturini, Sebastien Heymann, and Mathieu Bastian. 2014. ForceAtlas2, a Continuous Graph Layout Algorithm for Handy Network Visualization Designed for the Gephi Software. PLoS ONE 9 (06 2014), e98679. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0098679"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_16_1","unstructured":"EM Lederer. 2020. UN Chief Antonio Guterres: Misinformation About Covid-19 is the New Enemy. https:\/\/time.com\/5811939\/un-chief-coronavirus-misinformation\/ EM Lederer. 2020. UN Chief Antonio Guterres: Misinformation About Covid-19 is the New Enemy. https:\/\/time.com\/5811939\/un-chief-coronavirus-misinformation\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_17_1","volume-title":"Down the bot hole: Actionable insights from a one-year analysis of bot activity on Twitter. First Monday","author":"Luceri Luca","year":"2021","unstructured":"Luca Luceri , Felipe Cardoso , and Silvia Giordano . 2021. Down the bot hole: Actionable insights from a one-year analysis of bot activity on Twitter. First Monday ( 2021 ). Luca Luceri, Felipe Cardoso, and Silvia Giordano. 2021. Down the bot hole: Actionable insights from a one-year analysis of bot activity on Twitter. First Monday (2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3308560.3316735"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_19_1","volume-title":"Evolution of bot and human behavior during elections. First Monday","author":"Luceri Luca","year":"2019","unstructured":"Luca Luceri , Ashok Deb , Silvia Giordano , and Emilio Ferrara . 2019. Evolution of bot and human behavior during elections. First Monday ( 2019 ). Luca Luceri, Ashok Deb, Silvia Giordano, and Emilio Ferrara. 2019. Evolution of bot and human behavior during elections. First Monday (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_20_1","unstructured":"Benjamin\u00a0E. Mabrey. 2021. The Disinformation Dozen and Media Misinformation on Science and Vaccinations. Ph.\u00a0D. Dissertation. https:\/\/ir.library.oregonstate.edu\/concern\/honors_college_theses\/n009w8842?locale=en Benjamin\u00a0E. Mabrey. 2021. The Disinformation Dozen and Media Misinformation on Science and Vaccinations. Ph.\u00a0D. Dissertation. https:\/\/ir.library.oregonstate.edu\/concern\/honors_college_theses\/n009w8842?locale=en"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_21_1","unstructured":"Thomas Macaulay. 2020. Social media firms will use more AI to combat coronavirus misinformation. https:\/\/thenextweb.com\/neural\/2020\/03\/17\/social-media-firms-will-use-more-ai-to-combat-coronavirus-misinformation-even-if-it-makes-more-mistakes\/ Thomas Macaulay. 2020. Social media firms will use more AI to combat coronavirus misinformation. https:\/\/thenextweb.com\/neural\/2020\/03\/17\/social-media-firms-will-use-more-ai-to-combat-coronavirus-misinformation-even-if-it-makes-more-mistakes\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_22_1","volume-title":"Merchant and Nicole Lurie","author":"M.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Raina\u00a0 M. Merchant and Nicole Lurie . 2020 . Social Media and Emergency Preparedness in Response to Novel Coronavirus. JAMA 323 (03 2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2020.4469 10.1001\/jama.2020.4469 Raina\u00a0M. Merchant and Nicole Lurie. 2020. Social Media and Emergency Preparedness in Response to Novel Coronavirus. JAMA 323 (03 2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2020.4469"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_23_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media 9(2015)","author":"Metaxas Panagiotis","year":"2015","unstructured":"Panagiotis Metaxas , Eni Mustafaraj , Kily Wong , Laura Zeng , Megan O\u2019Keefe , and Samantha Finn . 2015 . What Do Retweets Indicate? Results from User Survey and Meta-Review of Research . Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media 9(2015) , 658\u2013661. https:\/\/ojs.aaai.org\/index.php\/ICWSM\/article\/view\/14661#:~:text=Our%20findings%20indicate%20that%20retweeting Panagiotis Metaxas, Eni Mustafaraj, Kily Wong, Laura Zeng, Megan O\u2019Keefe, and Samantha Finn. 2015. What Do Retweets Indicate? Results from User Survey and Meta-Review of Research. Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media 9(2015), 658\u2013661. https:\/\/ojs.aaai.org\/index.php\/ICWSM\/article\/view\/14661#:~:text=Our%20findings%20indicate%20that%20retweeting"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_24_1","volume-title":"cults, and the anti-vax movement. The Lancet 397 (03","author":"Mylan Sophie","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sophie Mylan and Charlotte Hardman . 2021. COVID-19 , cults, and the anti-vax movement. The Lancet 397 (03 2021 ), 1181. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(21)00443-8 10.1016\/s0140-6736(21)00443-8 Sophie Mylan and Charlotte Hardman. 2021. COVID-19, cults, and the anti-vax movement. The Lancet 397 (03 2021), 1181. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(21)00443-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_25_1","first-page":"510","article-title":"The Danger of Misinformation in the COVID-19 Crisis","volume":"117","author":"Nelson Taylor","year":"2020","unstructured":"Taylor Nelson , Nicole Kagan , Claire Critchlow , Alan Hillard , and Albert Hsu . 2020 . The Danger of Misinformation in the COVID-19 Crisis . Missouri Medicine 117 (2020), 510 \u2013 512 . https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7721433\/ Taylor Nelson, Nicole Kagan, Claire Critchlow, Alan Hillard, and Albert Hsu. 2020. The Danger of Misinformation in the COVID-19 Crisis. Missouri Medicine 117(2020), 510\u2013512. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7721433\/","journal-title":"Missouri Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_26_1","volume-title":"Right and left, partisanship predicts (asymmetric) vulnerability to misinformation. Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review (02","author":"Nikolov Dimitar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dimitar Nikolov , Alessandro Flammini , and Filippo Menczer . 2021. Right and left, partisanship predicts (asymmetric) vulnerability to misinformation. Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review (02 2021 ). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.37016\/mr-2020-55 10.37016\/mr-2020-55 Dimitar Nikolov, Alessandro Flammini, and Filippo Menczer. 2021. Right and left, partisanship predicts (asymmetric) vulnerability to misinformation. Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review (02 2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.37016\/mr-2020-55"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_27_1","unstructured":"Jonathan Oppenheim. 2020. Jonathan Oppenheim - Covid-19 trusted tweeters. https:\/\/www.ucl.ac.uk\/oppenheim\/Covid-19_tweeps.shtml Jonathan Oppenheim. 2020. Jonathan Oppenheim - Covid-19 trusted tweeters. https:\/\/www.ucl.ac.uk\/oppenheim\/Covid-19_tweeps.shtml"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Francesco Pierri Brea Perry Matthew\u00a0R. DeVerna Kai-Cheng Yang Alessandro Flammini Filippo Menczer and John Bryden. 2021. Online misinformation is linked to early COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy and refusal. https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2021arXiv210410635P\/abstract Francesco Pierri Brea Perry Matthew\u00a0R. DeVerna Kai-Cheng Yang Alessandro Flammini Filippo Menczer and John Bryden. 2021. Online misinformation is linked to early COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy and refusal. https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2021arXiv210410635P\/abstract","DOI":"10.2196\/preprints.32237"},{"volume-title":"Sparse Additive Generative Models of Text. Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Machine Learning. https:\/\/icml.cc\/2011\/papers\/534_icmlpaper.pdf","author":"International Proceedings","key":"e_1_3_2_2_29_1","unstructured":"Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Machine Learning 2011. Sparse Additive Generative Models of Text. Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Machine Learning. https:\/\/icml.cc\/2011\/papers\/534_icmlpaper.pdf Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Machine Learning 2011. Sparse Additive Generative Models of Text. Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Machine Learning. https:\/\/icml.cc\/2011\/papers\/534_icmlpaper.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_30_1","unstructured":"Jayaseelan R Brindha D and Kades Waran. 2020. Social Media Reigned by Information or Misinformation About COVID-19: A Phenomenological Study. https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3596058 Jayaseelan R Brindha D and Kades Waran. 2020. Social Media Reigned by Information or Misinformation About COVID-19: A Phenomenological Study. https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3596058"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_31_1","volume-title":"Anne\u00a0Marthe van\u00a0der Bles, and Sander van\u00a0der Linden","author":"Roozenbeek Jon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jon Roozenbeek , Claudia\u00a0 R. Schneider , Sarah Dryhurst , John Kerr , Alexandra L.\u00a0J. Freeman , Gabriel Recchia , Anne\u00a0Marthe van\u00a0der Bles, and Sander van\u00a0der Linden . 2020 . Susceptibility to misinformation about COVID-19 around the world. Royal Society Open Science 7 (10 2020), 201199. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsos.201199 10.1098\/rsos.201199 Jon Roozenbeek, Claudia\u00a0R. Schneider, Sarah Dryhurst, John Kerr, Alexandra L.\u00a0J. Freeman, Gabriel Recchia, Anne\u00a0Marthe van\u00a0der Bles, and Sander van\u00a0der Linden. 2020. Susceptibility to misinformation about COVID-19 around the world. Royal Society Open Science 7 (10 2020), 201199. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsos.201199"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_32_1","volume-title":"Coronavirus shows Big Tech can fight \u2018infodemic","author":"Schaake Marietje","year":"2020","unstructured":"Marietje Schaake . 2020. Coronavirus shows Big Tech can fight \u2018infodemic \u2019 of fake news. Financial Times ( 03 2020 ). https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/b2e2010e-6cf8-11ea-89df-41bea055720b Marietje Schaake. 2020. Coronavirus shows Big Tech can fight \u2018infodemic\u2019 of fake news. Financial Times (03 2020). https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/b2e2010e-6cf8-11ea-89df-41bea055720b"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_33_1","unstructured":"SERRC. 2021. Covid Information Struggles Brian Martin. https:\/\/social-epistemology.com\/2021\/07\/12\/covid-information-struggles-brian-martin\/ SERRC. 2021. Covid Information Struggles Brian Martin. https:\/\/social-epistemology.com\/2021\/07\/12\/covid-information-struggles-brian-martin\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_34_1","volume-title":"The spread of low-credibility content by social bots. Nature Communications 9 (11","author":"Shao Chengcheng","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chengcheng Shao , Giovanni\u00a0Luca Ciampaglia , Onur Varol , Kai-Cheng Yang , Alessandro Flammini , and Filippo Menczer . 2018. The spread of low-credibility content by social bots. Nature Communications 9 (11 2018 ). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-018-06930-7 10.1038\/s41467-018-06930-7 Chengcheng Shao, Giovanni\u00a0Luca Ciampaglia, Onur Varol, Kai-Cheng Yang, Alessandro Flammini, and Filippo Menczer. 2018. The spread of low-credibility content by social bots. Nature Communications 9 (11 2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-018-06930-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_35_1","volume-title":"Coronavirus: How are the social media platforms responding to the \u2019infodemic\u2019?https:\/\/firstdraftnews.org\/articles\/how-social-media-platforms-are-responding-to-the-coronavirus-infodemic\/","author":"Skopeliti Clea","year":"2020","unstructured":"Clea Skopeliti and Bethan John . 2020 . Coronavirus: How are the social media platforms responding to the \u2019infodemic\u2019?https:\/\/firstdraftnews.org\/articles\/how-social-media-platforms-are-responding-to-the-coronavirus-infodemic\/ Clea Skopeliti and Bethan John. 2020. Coronavirus: How are the social media platforms responding to the \u2019infodemic\u2019?https:\/\/firstdraftnews.org\/articles\/how-social-media-platforms-are-responding-to-the-coronavirus-infodemic\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_36_1","volume-title":"False claim: A COVID-19 vaccine will genetically modify humans","author":"Staff Reuters","year":"2020","unstructured":"Reuters Staff . 2020. False claim: A COVID-19 vaccine will genetically modify humans . Reuters ( 05 2020 ). https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/uk-factcheck-covid-19-vaccine-modify-idUSKBN22U2BZ Reuters Staff. 2020. False claim: A COVID-19 vaccine will genetically modify humans. Reuters (05 2020). https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/uk-factcheck-covid-19-vaccine-modify-idUSKBN22U2BZ"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1803470115"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_38_1","volume-title":"Impact of Rumors or Misinformation on Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) in Social Media. Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health 53 (04","author":"Tasnim Samia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Samia Tasnim , Md\u00a0Mahbub Hossain , and Hoimonty Mazumder . 2020. Impact of Rumors or Misinformation on Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) in Social Media. Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health 53 (04 2020 ), 171\u2013174. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3961\/jpmph.20.094 10.3961\/jpmph.20.094 Samia Tasnim, Md\u00a0Mahbub Hossain, and Hoimonty Mazumder. 2020. Impact of Rumors or Misinformation on Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) in Social Media. Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health 53 (04 2020), 171\u2013174. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3961\/jpmph.20.094"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_39_1","volume-title":"Empowering Users to Respond to Misinformation about Covid-19. Media and Communication 8 (06","author":"Vraga K.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Emily\u00a0 K. Vraga , Melissa Tully , and Leticia Bode . 2020. Empowering Users to Respond to Misinformation about Covid-19. Media and Communication 8 (06 2020 ), 475. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17645\/mac.v8i2.3200 10.17645\/mac.v8i2.3200 Emily\u00a0K. Vraga, Melissa Tully, and Leticia Bode. 2020. Empowering Users to Respond to Misinformation about Covid-19. Media and Communication 8 (06 2020), 475. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17645\/mac.v8i2.3200"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_40_1","unstructured":"David Wemer. 2020. Addressing the coronavirus \u201dinfodemic\u201d. https:\/\/www.atlanticcouncil.org\/blogs\/new-atlanticist\/addressing-the-coronavirus-infodemic\/ David Wemer. 2020. Addressing the coronavirus \u201dinfodemic\u201d. https:\/\/www.atlanticcouncil.org\/blogs\/new-atlanticist\/addressing-the-coronavirus-infodemic\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_41_1","volume-title":"The anti-vax phenomenon. Veterinary Record 184 (06","author":"Whitehead Martin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Martin Whitehead , Niall Taylor , Alex Gough , Danny Chambers , Mike Jessop , and Phil Hyde . 2019. The anti-vax phenomenon. Veterinary Record 184 (06 2019 ), 744.1\u2013744. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/vr.l4027 10.1136\/vr.l4027 Martin Whitehead, Niall Taylor, Alex Gough, Danny Chambers, Mike Jessop, and Phil Hyde. 2019. The anti-vax phenomenon. Veterinary Record 184 (06 2019), 744.1\u2013744. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/vr.l4027"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31235\/osf.io\/gf7jb"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_43_1","volume-title":"The COVID-19 Infodemic: Twitter versus Facebook","author":"Yang Kai-Cheng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kai-Cheng Yang , Francesco Pierri , Pik-Mai Hui , David Axelrod , Christopher Torres-Lugo , John Bryden , and Filippo Menczer . 2021. The COVID-19 Infodemic: Twitter versus Facebook . Big Data & Society 8 (01 2021 ), 205395172110138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/20539517211013861 10.1177\/20539517211013861 Kai-Cheng Yang, Francesco Pierri, Pik-Mai Hui, David Axelrod, Christopher Torres-Lugo, John Bryden, and Filippo Menczer. 2021. The COVID-19 Infodemic: Twitter versus Facebook. Big Data & Society 8 (01 2021), 205395172110138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/20539517211013861"}],"event":{"name":"WebSci '22: 14th ACM Web Science Conference 2022","sponsor":["SIGWEB ACM Special Interest Group on Hypertext, Hypermedia, and Web"],"location":"Barcelona Spain","acronym":"WebSci '22"},"container-title":["14th ACM Web Science Conference 2022"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3501247.3531573","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,10]],"date-time":"2023-01-10T20:04:26Z","timestamp":1673381066000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3501247.3531573"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,26]]},"references-count":43,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3501247.3531573","10.1145\/3501247"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3501247.3531573","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-06-26","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}