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We conducted a literature review and qualitative study with students and Higher Education lecturers from a range of educational institutions, with an aim to determine what might constitute best practices in this area in Higher Education. We hypothesised that confidence, mathematics anxiety, and differences in student educational background were key factors here. We then investigated the issues surrounding these and whether they inhibit the acquisition of knowledge and skills pertaining to the theoretical basis of artificial intelligence and machine learning. This article shares the insights from both students and lecturers with experience in the field of AI and machine learning education, with the aim to inform prospective pedagogies and studies within this domain and move toward a framework for best practice in teaching and learning of these topics.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3485062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T19:12:52Z","timestamp":1635793972000},"page":"1-29","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Toward a Framework for Teaching Artificial Intelligence to a Higher Education Audience"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2731-917X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Becky","family":"Allen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Newcastle University, Science Square, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK"}]},{"given":"Andrew Stephen","family":"McGough","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Newcastle University, Science Square, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Devlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Newcastle University, Science Square, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Pre-ICIS SIGDSA Workshop","author":"Asamoah Daniel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Daniel Asamoah, Derek Doran, and Shu Schiller. 2015. 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