{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]],"date-time":"2024-11-19T18:20:25Z","timestamp":1732040425781},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"CSCW1","content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,13]]},"abstract":"Voice-Activated Artificial Intelligence (VAI) is increasingly ubiquitous, whether appearing as context-specific conversational assistants or more personalised and generalised personal assistants such as Alexa or Siri. CSCW and other fields have regularly studied the (positive and negative) social consequences of VAI design and deployment. One particular focus has been questions of gender, and the implications that the (often-feminine) gendering of VAIs has for societal norms and user experiences. Studies into this have largely elided transgender (trans) existences; the few exceptions to this operate largely from an external and predetermined idea of trans and\/or non-binary user needs, centered on representation. In this study, we undertook a series of qualitative interviews with trans and\/or non-binary users of VAIs to explore their experiences and needs. Our results show that these needs are far more than simply improvements to representation, and that users raise substantial concerns around the underlying framing of gender by even well-intentioned developers, the privacy and safety implications of ubiquitous VAI, and the motivations of the vast for-profit companies that deploy much of this technology. We provide both immediate recommendations for designers and researchers seeking to create trans-inclusive VAIs, and wider, critical proposals for how we as researchers go about assessing technological systems and appropriate points of intervention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3449206","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,22]],"date-time":"2021-04-22T17:51:09Z","timestamp":1619113869000},"page":"1-27","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Speaking from Experience"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Cami","family":"Rinc\u00f3n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Goldsmiths, University of London, London, United Kingdom"}]},{"given":"Os","family":"Keyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"}]},{"given":"Corinne","family":"Cath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_2_1_1","volume-title":"Fragmented Recognition: Gender Identity between Moral and Legal Spheres. Social Politics: International Studies in Gender","author":"Aboim Sofia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sofia Aboim. 2020. Fragmented Recognition: Gender Identity between Moral and Legal Spheres. Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society (2020)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/iwc\/iwx018"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290607.3299077"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_4_1","volume-title":"Toward conversational human-computer interaction. AI magazine 22, 4","author":"Allen James F","year":"2001","unstructured":"James F Allen, Donna K Byron, Myroslava Dzikovska, George Ferguson, Lucian Galescu, and Amanda Stent. 2001. Toward conversational human-computer interaction. AI magazine 22, 4 (2001), 27--27."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_5_1","volume-title":"Talking Like a \"Princess\": What Speaking Machines Say About Human Biases. The New Inquiry","author":"Alper Meryl","year":"2017","unstructured":"Meryl Alper. 2017. Talking Like a \"Princess\": What Speaking Machines Say About Human Biases. The New Inquiry (2017)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_6_1","unstructured":"H Russell Bernard Amber Wutich and Gery W Ryan. 2016. Analyzing qualitative data: Systematic approaches. SAGE publications."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/380681"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300270"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2676702.2676709"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_11_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 3, CSCW","author":"Cambre Julia","year":"2019","unstructured":"Julia Cambre and Chinmay Kulkarni. 2019. One Voice Fits All? Social Implications and Research Challenges of Designing Voices for Smart Devices. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 3, CSCW (2019), 1--19."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_12_1","volume-title":"Why project Q is more than the world's first nonbinary voice for technology. interactions 26, 6","author":"Carpenter Julie","year":"2019","unstructured":"Julie Carpenter. 2019. Why project Q is more than the world's first nonbinary voice for technology. interactions 26, 6 (2019), 56--59."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_13_1","unstructured":"Kathy Charmaz. 2014. Constructing grounded theory. sage."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300705"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_15_1","volume-title":"The circuit of technology: gender, identity and power. Consuming technologies: Media and information in domestic spaces","author":"Cockburn Cynthia","year":"1992","unstructured":"Cynthia Cockburn. 1992. The circuit of technology: gender, identity and power. Consuming technologies: Media and information in domestic spaces (1992), 33--42."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9780824746346"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_17_1","volume-title":"Challenging the Cisgender\/Transgender Binary: Nonbinary People and the Transgender Label","author":"Darwin Helana","year":"2020","unstructured":"Helana Darwin. 2020. Challenging the Cisgender\/Transgender Binary: Nonbinary People and the Transgender Label. Gender & Society (2020), 0891243220912256."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1215\/23289252-3711517"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_19_1","volume-title":"The normativity of recognition: Non-binary gender markers in Australian law and policy. Gender panic, gender policy 24","author":"Davis Dylan Amy","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dylan Amy Davis. 2017. The normativity of recognition: Non-binary gender markers in Australian law and policy. Gender panic, gender policy 24 (2017), 227--250."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026149119426"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_21_1","volume-title":"The future of employment: How susceptible are jobs to computerisation? Technological forecasting and social change 114","author":"Frey Carl Benedikt","year":"2017","unstructured":"Carl Benedikt Frey and Michael A Osborne. 2017. The future of employment: How susceptible are jobs to computerisation? Technological forecasting and social change 114 (2017), 254--280."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_22_1","unstructured":"Sarah Gold. 2019. Designing Permissions Worth Trusting. https:\/\/www.projectsbyif.com\/blog\/how-do-you-designpermissions- worth-trusting\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_23_1","unstructured":"Tim Guetterman. 2015. Descriptions of sampling practices within five approaches to qualitative research in education and the health sciences. (2015)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376669"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_25_1","unstructured":"Christopher B. Devichand M. Tunstall-Pedoe W. Higham E. Hamed H. and V Tieser. 2019. Smart Speakers and Voice Assistants. https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/831180\/ Snapshot_Paper_-_Smart_Speakers_and_Voice_Assistants.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_26_1","volume-title":"Gender and status in voice user interfaces. interactions 23, 3","author":"Hannon Charles","year":"2016","unstructured":"Charles Hannon. 2016. Gender and status in voice user interfaces. interactions 23, 3 (2016), 34--37."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_27_1","volume-title":"The revolution will not be funded: Beyond the non-profit industrial complex","author":"Non-Conforming Gender","unstructured":"INCITE! Women, Gender Non-Conforming, and Trans people of Color Against Violence. 2007. The revolution will not be funded: Beyond the non-profit industrial complex. South End Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3274357"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_30_1","volume-title":"Counting the Countless: Why data science is a profound threat for queer people. Real Life 2","author":"Keyes Os","year":"2019","unstructured":"Os Keyes. 2019. Counting the Countless: Why data science is a profound threat for queer people. Real Life 2 (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300569"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aimag.v39i3.2810"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0003122419872504"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W17-1601"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376339"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3311957.3358607"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_37_1","volume-title":"affective labour and perceived health among people with trans experiences living in Sweden. Culture, health & sexuality 21, 8","author":"Linander Ida","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ida Linander, Isabel Goicolea, Erika Alm, Anne Hammarstr\u00f6m, and Lisa Harryson. 2019. (Un) safe spaces, affective labour and perceived health among people with trans experiences living in Sweden. Culture, health & sexuality 21, 8 (2019), 914--928."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0961000618759414"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/srsp.2008.5.1.53"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_40_1","volume-title":"Bound by recognition","author":"Markell Patchen","unstructured":"Patchen Markell. 2009. Bound by recognition. Princeton University Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2998181.2998335"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3359278"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781526451293"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_44_1","volume-title":"In-depth: Artificial Intelligence","author":"Mehta D.","year":"2019","unstructured":"D. Mehta and A-K. Hamke. [n.d.]. In-depth: Artificial Intelligence 2019. https:\/\/www.statista.com\/study\/50485\/artificialintelligence\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300608"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_46_1","volume-title":"Qualitative Data Analysis: A Methods Sourcebook","author":"Miles Matthew B","year":"2014","unstructured":"Matthew B Miles, A Michael Huberman, and Johnny Saldana. 2014. Qualitative Data Analysis: A Methods Sourcebook. SAGE Publications Ltd (CA) (2014)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_47_1","unstructured":"J. Moar. [n.d.]. Digital Assistants of Tomorrow. https:\/\/www.juniperresearch.com\/document-library\/white-papers\/heysiri- how-will-you-make-money"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_48_1","volume-title":"Wired for speech: How voice activates and advances the human-computer relationship","author":"Nass Clifford Ivar","unstructured":"Clifford Ivar Nass and Scott Brave. 2005. Wired for speech: How voice activates and advances the human-computer relationship. MIT press Cambridge, MA."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_49_1","first-page":"119","article-title":"Privacy as contextual integrity","volume":"79","author":"Nissenbaum Helen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Helen Nissenbaum. 2004. Privacy as contextual integrity. Wash. L. Rev. 79 (2004), 119.","journal-title":"Wash. L. Rev."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2013.301545"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_51_1","unstructured":"Christi Olson and Kelli Kemery. 2019. Voice Report. https:\/\/advertiseonbing-blob.azureedge.net\/blob\/bingads\/media\/ insight\/whitepapers\/2019\/04%20apr\/voice-report\/bingads_2019_voicereport.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_52_1","volume-title":"Purposeful sampling for qualitative data collection and analysis in mixed method implementation research. Administration and policy in mental health and mental health services research 42, 5","author":"Palinkas Lawrence A","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lawrence A Palinkas, Sarah M Horwitz, Carla A Green, Jennifer P Wisdom, Naihua Duan, and Kimberly Hoagwood. 2015. Purposeful sampling for qualitative data collection and analysis in mixed method implementation research. Administration and policy in mental health and mental health services research 42, 5 (2015), 533--544."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_53_1","volume-title":"Qualitative evaluation and research methods","author":"Patton Michael Quinn","unstructured":"Michael Quinn Patton. 2002. Qualitative evaluation and research methods. SAGE Publications, inc."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martin Porcheron Joel E Fischer Moira McGregor Barry Brown Ewa Luger Heloisa Candello and Kenton O'Hara. 2017. Talking with conversational agents in collaborative action. In companion of the 2017 ACM conference on computer supported cooperative work and social computing. 431--436.","DOI":"10.1145\/3022198.3022666"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_55_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2017 ACM conference on computer supported cooperative work and social computing. 207--219","author":"Porcheron Martin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Martin Porcheron, Joel E Fischer, and Sarah Sharples. 2017. \"Do Animals Have Accents?\" Talking with Agents in Multi-Party Conversation. In Proceedings of the 2017 ACM conference on computer supported cooperative work and social computing. 207--219."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_56_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 3, CSCW","author":"Pradhan Alisha","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alisha Pradhan, Leah Findlater, and Amanda Lazar. 2019. \"Phantom Friend\" or\" Just a Box with Information\" Personification and Ontological Categorization of Smart Speaker-based Voice Assistants by Older Adults. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 3, CSCW (2019), 1--21."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intcom.2011.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3274424"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_59_1","unstructured":"Zoe Schiffer. 2020. This girls-only app uses AI to screen a user's gender - what could go wrong? https:\/\/www.theverge. com\/2020\/2\/7\/21128236\/gender-app-giggle-women-ai-screen-trans-social"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_60_1","first-page":"440","article-title":"Doing Gender, Doing Heteronormativity: \"Gender Normals","volume":"23","author":"Schilt Kristen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kristen Schilt and Laurel Westbrook. 2009. Doing Gender, Doing Heteronormativity: \"Gender Normals,\" Transgender People, and the Social Maintenance of Heterosexuality. Gender & society 23, 4 (2009), 440--464.","journal-title":"Transgender People, and the Social Maintenance of Heterosexuality. Gender & society"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24908\/ss.v17i5.8688"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_62_1","volume-title":"Gender circuits: Bodies and identities in a technological age","author":"Shapiro Eve","unstructured":"Eve Shapiro. 2015. Gender circuits: Bodies and identities in a technological age. Routledge."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_63_1","volume-title":"Normal life: Administrative violence, critical trans politics, and the limits of law","author":"Spade Dean","unstructured":"Dean Spade. 2015. Normal life: Administrative violence, critical trans politics, and the limits of law. Duke University Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10676-007-9141-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3301019.3323898"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_66_1","volume-title":"Basics of qualitative research","author":"Strauss Anselm","unstructured":"Anselm Strauss and Juliet Corbin. 1990. Basics of qualitative research. Sage publications."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_67_1","first-page":"1239","article-title":"How digital assistants can harm our economy, privacy, and democracy","volume":"32","author":"Stucke Maurice E","year":"2017","unstructured":"Maurice E Stucke and Ariel Ezrachi. 2017. How digital assistants can harm our economy, privacy, and democracy. Berkeley Tech. LJ 32 (2017), 1239.","journal-title":"Berkeley Tech. LJ"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_68_1","volume-title":"The googlization of us: Universal surveillance and infrastructural imperialism","author":"Vaidhyanathan Siva","unstructured":"Siva Vaidhyanathan. 2011. The googlization of us: Universal surveillance and infrastructural imperialism. Vol. 82. 82--114."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_69_1","volume-title":"Resisting Transnormativity: challenging the medicalization and regulation of trans bodies. Theory in Action 8, 2","author":"Vipond Evan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Evan Vipond. 2015. Resisting Transnormativity: challenging the medicalization and regulation of trans bodies. Theory in Action 8, 2 (2015)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_70_1","volume-title":"Youtube and you: Experiences of self-awareness in the context collapse of the recording webcam. explorations in media ecology 8, 2","year":"2009","unstructured":"MichaelWesch. 2009. Youtube and you: Experiences of self-awareness in the context collapse of the recording webcam. explorations in media ecology 8, 2 (2009), 19--34."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_71_1","unstructured":"Mark West Rebecca Kraut and Han Ei Chew. 2019. I'd blush if I could: closing gender divides in digital skills through education. (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_72_1","volume-title":"Introducing qualitative research in psychology","author":"Willig Carla","unstructured":"Carla Willig. 2013. Introducing qualitative research in psychology. McGraw-hill education (UK)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15295036.2018.1488082"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15532739.2016.1149538"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3449206","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]],"date-time":"2024-03-20T16:17:48Z","timestamp":1710951468000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3449206"}},"subtitle":["Trans\/Non-Binary Requirements for Voice-Activated AI"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,13]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"CSCW1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,13]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3449206"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3449206","relation":{},"ISSN":["2573-0142"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2573-0142","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-04-22","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}