{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]],"date-time":"2025-04-15T05:00:04Z","timestamp":1744693204269,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":223,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,21]],"date-time":"2022-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658361600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":386,"URL":"http:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004318","name":"Microsoft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI for Accessibility Award"],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004318","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"NSF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1702751,1539179,BCS-1918252,1763569,2040638"],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders,Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research at the National Institutes of Health","award":["R01DC018279"]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009157","name":"National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["90REGE0013"],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009157","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Access. Comput."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]]},"abstract":"Sign language datasets are essential to developing many sign language technologies. In particular, datasets are required for training artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) systems. Though the idea of using AI\/ML for sign languages is not new, technology has now advanced to a point where developing such sign language technologies is becoming increasingly tractable. This critical juncture provides an opportunity to be thoughtful about an array of Fairness, Accountability, Transparency, and Ethics (FATE) considerations. Sign language datasets typically contain recordings of people signing, which is highly personal. The rights and responsibilities of the parties involved in data collection and storage are also complex and involve individual data contributors, data collectors or owners, and data users who may interact through a variety of exchange and access mechanisms. Deaf community members (and signers, more generally) are also central stakeholders in any end applications of sign language data. The centrality of sign language to deaf culture identity, coupled with a history of oppression, makes usage by technologists particularly sensitive. This piece presents many of these issues that characterize working with sign language AI datasets, based on the authors\u2019 experiences living, working, and studying in this space.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3436996","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,21]],"date-time":"2021-07-21T22:07:41Z","timestamp":1626905261000},"page":"1-45","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["The FATE Landscape of Sign Language AI Datasets"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Danielle","family":"Bragg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Microsoft Research, USA"}]},{"given":"Naomi","family":"Caselli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston University, USA"}]},{"given":"Julie A.","family":"Hochgesang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gallaudet University, USA"}]},{"given":"Matt","family":"Huenerfauth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rochester Institute of Technology, USA"}]},{"given":"Leah","family":"Katz-Hernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microsoft, USA"}]},{"given":"Oscar","family":"Koller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microsoft, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0493-413X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raja","family":"Kushalnagar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gallaudet University, USA"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Vogler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gallaudet University, USA"}]},{"given":"Richard E.","family":"Ladner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington, USA"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,21]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) Enable.","key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"2006. Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) Enable. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.un.org\/development\/desa\/disabilities\/convention-on-the-rights-of-persons-with-disabilities.html."},{"volume-title":"Sunderland v. Bethesda Health","year":"2016","key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"2016. Sunderland v. Bethesda Health, Inc. Vol. 184. Dist. Court, SD Florida. https:\/\/www.leagle.com\/decision\/infdco20160204a03."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"United Nations. 2016. WFD and WASLI Issue Statement on Signing Avatars. Retrieved from https:\/\/wfdeaf.org\/news\/wfd-wasli-issue-statement-signing-avatars\/."},{"volume-title":"Ontenna smart hair clip will help deaf people sense sound","author":"Sawh Michael","key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"Michael Sawh. 2017. Ontenna smart hair clip will help deaf people sense sound. Wareable Ltd. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.wareable.com\/wearable-tech\/ontenna-smart-hair-clip-for-deaf-sense-sound-4524."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","unstructured":"Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf Inc. (RID). 2019. 2018 Annual Report. Retrieved from https:\/\/rid.org\/2018-annual-report\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","unstructured":"BBC News. 2019. Google sign language AI turns hand gestures into speech. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/technology-49410945."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","unstructured":"Alex Abenchuchan. 2015. The Daily Moth. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.dailymoth.com\/blog."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","first-page":"445","article-title":"User-centered design. Bainbridge, W. Encyclopedia of Human-computer Interaction. Sage Publications","volume":"37","author":"Abras Chadia","year":"2004","unstructured":"Chadia Abras, Diane Maloney-Krichmar, Jenny Preece, et\u00a0al. 2004. User-centered design. Bainbridge, W. Encyclopedia of Human-computer Interaction. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, 37, 4 (2004), 445\u2013456.","journal-title":"Thousand Oaks"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"A comprehensive study on sign language recognition methods. arXiv:2007.12530 [cs]","author":"Adaloglou Nikolas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nikolas Adaloglou, Theocharis Chatzis, Ilias Papastratis, Andreas Stergioulas, Georgios Th. Papadopoulos, Vassia Zacharopoulou, George J. Xydopoulos, Klimnis Atzakas, Dimitris Papazachariou, and Petros Daras. 2020. A comprehensive study on sign language recognition methods. arXiv:2007.12530 [cs] (2020)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3234695.3236356"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3308561.3353791"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","unstructured":"Amazon. 2005. Amazon Mechanical Turk. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.mturk.com\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"Bankert","author":"Amdur Robert J.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Robert J. Amdur and Elizabeth A. Bankert. 2010. Institutional Review Board: Member Handbook. Jones & Bartlett Publishers."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-20681-3_31"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RCIS.2011.6006832"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1504\/IJSN.2015.071829"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","unstructured":"R. A. Augustus E. Ritchie and S. Stecker. 2013. The Official American Sign Language Writing Textbook. ASLized Los Angeles CA."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/AFGR.2000.840672"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","volume-title":"Gesture and Sign Language in Human-computer Interaction, Ipke Wachsmuth and Timo Sowa (Eds.)","author":"Bauer Britta","unstructured":"Britta Bauer and Karl-Friedrich Kraiss. 2002. Towards an automatic sign language recognition system using subunits. In Gesture and Sign Language in Human-computer Interaction, Ipke Wachsmuth and Timo Sowa (Eds.). Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 2298. Springer Berlin, 123\u2013173."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Workshop on Physicality and Tangibility in Interaction: Towards New Paradigms for Interaction Beyond the Desktop.","author":"Bauer B.","key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","unstructured":"B. Bauer, S. Nie\u00dfen, and H. Hienz. 1999. Towards an automatic sign language translation system. In Proceedings of the International Workshop on Physicality and Tangibility in Interaction: Towards New Paradigms for Interaction Beyond the Desktop."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3173574.3173665"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDAR.2015.7333730"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.2019.8683257"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the European Conference on Computer Vision Workshops (ECCVW\u201920)","author":"Borg Mark","key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","unstructured":"Mark Borg and Kenneth P. Camilleri. 2020. Phonologically-meaningful subunits for deep learning-based sign language recognition. In Proceedings of the European Conference on Computer Vision Workshops (ECCVW\u201920)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","volume-title":"Lillian B. Hamilton, and Ralph R. Miller.","author":"Bornstein Harry","year":"1983","unstructured":"Harry Bornstein, Karen Luczak Saulnier, Lillian B. Hamilton, and Ralph R. Miller. 1983. The Comprehensive Signed English Dictionary. Gallaudet University Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Big data meets big brother as China moves to rate its citizens","volume":"21","author":"Botsman Rachel","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rachel Botsman. 2017. Big data meets big brother as China moves to rate its citizens. Wired UK 21 (2017), 1\u201311.","journal-title":"Wired UK"},{"volume-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 29","author":"Bousmalis Konstantinos","key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","unstructured":"Konstantinos Bousmalis, George Trigeorgis, Nathan Silberman, Dilip Krishnan, and Dumitru Erhan. 2016. Domain separation networks. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 29, D. D. Lee, M. Sugiyama, U. V. Luxburg, I. Guyon, and R. Garnett (Eds.). Curran Associates, Inc., 343\u2013351."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daren C. Brabham. 2013. Crowdsourcing. The MIT Press.","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9693.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3308561.3353774"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3373625.3417024"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 18th ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing. 1837\u20131848","author":"Bragg Danielle","key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","unstructured":"Danielle Bragg, Kyle Rector, and Richard E. Ladner. 2015. A user-powered American sign language dictionary. In Proceedings of the 18th ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing. 1837\u20131848."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/lan.2019.0025"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.langcom.2020.06.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.1997.609450"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","volume-title":"Decreto n\u00ba 6.949, de 25 de agosto de","author":"Constitui\u00e7\u00e3o BRASIL.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Constitui\u00e7\u00e3o BRASIL. 2009. Decreto n\u00ba 6.949, de 25 de agosto de 2009. Promulga a Conven\u00e7\u00e3o Internacional sobre os Direitos das Pessoas com Defici\u00eancia e seu Protocolo Facultativo, assinados em Nova York, em 30 de mar\u00e7o de 2007. Di\u00e1rio Oficial da Uni\u00e3o163 (2009)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","volume-title":"Law n 13,146, of","author":"Chamber","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chamber of Deputies BRAZIL. 2015. Law n 13,146, of July 6, 2015. institutes the Brazilian law for inclusion of persons with disabilities (statute of persons with disabilities \u00ea ncia). Official J. Union (2015), 43."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3841(95)00032-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","volume-title":"Bell: Alexander Graham Bell and the conquest of solitude","author":"Bruce Robert V.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Robert V. Bruce. 2020. Bell: Alexander Graham Bell and the conquest of solitude. Plunkett Lake Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/enm032"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2018.00812"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPR.2016.7899606"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2017.332"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","volume-title":"Sign language transformers: Joint end-to-end sign language recognition and translation. arXiv:2003.13830 [cs] (Mar","author":"Camgoz Necati Cihan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Necati Cihan Camgoz, Oscar Koller, Simon Hadfield, and Richard Bowden. 2020. Sign language transformers: Joint end-to-end sign language recognition and translation. arXiv:2003.13830 [cs] (Mar. 2020)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/AFGR.1996.557258"},{"volume-title":"Nothing about Us Without Us: Disability Oppression and Empowerment","author":"Charlton James I.","key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","unstructured":"James I. Charlton. 2000. Nothing about Us Without Us: Disability Oppression and Empowerment. University of California Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","volume-title":"Fully convolutional networks for continuous sign language recognition. arXiv:2007.12402 [cs] (July","author":"Cheng Ka Leong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ka Leong Cheng, Zhaoyang Yang, Qifeng Chen, and Yu-Wing Tai. 2020. Fully convolutional networks for continuous sign language recognition. arXiv:2007.12402 [cs] (July 2020)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","volume-title":"Dance","author":"Confessore Nicholas","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nicholas Confessore, Michael LaForgia, and Gabriel J. X. Dance. 2018. Facebook\u2019s data sharing and privacy rules: 5 takeaways from our investigation. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/12\/18\/us\/politics\/facebook-data-sharing-deals.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IAPR Conference on Machine Vision Applications. 359\u2013362","author":"Cooper H.","year":"2007","unstructured":"H. Cooper, R. Bowden, and S. CVSSP. 2007. Sign language recognition using boosted volumetric features. In Proceedings of the IAPR Conference on Machine Vision Applications. 359\u2013362."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cued speech","volume":"112","author":"Cornett R. Orin","year":"1967","unstructured":"R. Orin Cornett. 1967. Cued speech. American Annals of the Deaf 112, 1 (Jan. 1967), 3\u201313. https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/action\/doBasicSearch?Query=cued+speech+cornett&filter=jid%3A10.2307%2Fj50013925.","journal-title":"American Annals of the Deaf"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/sls.0.0044"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","volume-title":"LREC Workshop on the Representation and Processing of Sign Languages. 44\u201349","author":"Crasborn Onno","year":"2008","unstructured":"Onno Crasborn and Inge Zwitserlood. 2008. The corpus NGT: An online corpus for professionals and laymen. In LREC Workshop on the Representation and Processing of Sign Languages. 44\u201349."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.175"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"R. Cui H. Liu and C. Zhang. 2019. A deep neural framework for continuous sign language recognition by iterative training. IEEE Trans. Multimedia (2019). DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TMM.2018.2889563.","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2018.2889563"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/sls.2015.0018"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1075\/lab.17043.qua"},{"volume-title":"Cryptography and Data Security","author":"Robling Denning Dorothy Elizabeth","key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","unstructured":"Dorothy Elizabeth Robling Denning. 1982. Cryptography and Data Security. Vol. 112. Addison-Wesley Reading."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-79228-4_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-statistics-060116-054123"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on the Representation and Processing of Sign Languages: Corpora and Sign Language Technologies.","author":"Elliott Ralph","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ralph Elliott, Javier Bueno, Richard Kennaway, and John Glauert. 2010. Towards the integration of synthetic SL animation with avatars into corpus annotation tools. In Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on the Representation and Processing of Sign Languages: Corpora and Sign Language Technologies."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","unstructured":"Michael Erard. 2017. Why Sign-Language Gloves Don\u2019t Help Deaf People. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/technology\/archive\/2017\/11\/why-sign-language-gloves-dont-help-deaf-people\/545441\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_1","unstructured":"European Sign Language Center. 2018. Spreadthesign. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.spreadthesign.com."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_1","volume-title":"\u201cHear","author":"Fan Shelly","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shelly Fan. 2016. This Smart Vest Lets the Deaf \u201cHear\u201d with Their Skin. Retrieved from https:\/\/singularityhub.com\/2016\/10\/09\/this-smart-vest-lets-the-deaf-hear-with-their-skin\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCA.2006.886347"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.00716"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_66_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on the Representation and Processing of Sign Languages: Corpus Mining. 75\u201380","author":"Fisher Jami N.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jami N. Fisher, Julie Hochgesang, and Meredith Tamminga. 2016. Examining variation in the absence of a \u201cmain\u201d ASL corpus: The case of the Philadelphia signs project. In Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on the Representation and Processing of Sign Languages: Corpus Mining. 75\u201380."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/sls.2018.0010"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_68_1","unstructured":"Center for Data Innovation. 2019. When Is It Okay to Use Data for AI? Retrieved from https:\/\/www.datainnovation.org\/2019\/10\/when-is-it-okay-to-use-data-for-ai\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_69_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies. 41\u201346","author":"Forster Jens","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jens Forster, Oscar Koller, Christian Oberd\u00f6rfer, Yannick Gweth, and Hermann Ney. 2013. Improving continuous sign language recognition: Speech recognition techniques and system design. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies. 41\u201346."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_70_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC\u201914)","author":"Forster Jens","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jens Forster, Christoph Schmidt, Oscar Koller, Martin Bellgardt, and Hermann Ney. 2014. Extensions of the sign language recognition and translation corpus RWTH-PHOENIX-weather. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC\u201914). 1911\u20131916."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_71_1","volume-title":"Fall","author":"Furman Nelly","year":"2009","unstructured":"Nelly Furman, David Goldberg, and Natalia Lusin. 2010. Enrollments in languages other than English in United States institutions of higher education, Fall 2009. In Modern Language Association. ERIC."},{"volume-title":"Deaf People and Employment in the United States","author":"Garberoglio Carrie Lou","key":"e_1_2_1_72_1","unstructured":"Carrie Lou Garberoglio, Stephanie Cawthon, and Mark Bond. 2016. Deaf People and Employment in the United States. Washington, DC: US Department of Education, Office of Special Education Programs, National Deaf Center on Postsecondary Outcomes. https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C47&q=deaf+people+and+employment+in+the+united+states&btnG."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_73_1","volume-title":"CDaCI Investigative Team et\u00a0al","author":"Geers Ann E.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ann E. Geers, Christine M. Mitchell, Andrea Warner-Czyz, Nae-Yuh Wang, Laurie S. Eisenberg, CDaCI Investigative Team et\u00a0al. 2017. Early sign language exposure and cochlear implantation benefits. Pediatrics 140, 1 (2017)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1143844.1143891"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSMC.1997.625742"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07434619012331275284"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2012.6239187"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-017-2287-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-017-1351-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_80_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation","volume":"4","author":"Hanke Thomas","year":"2004","unstructured":"Thomas Hanke. 2004. HamNoSys-representing sign language data in language resources and language processing contexts. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation, Vol. 4. 1\u20136."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/sls.0.0011"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_82_1","first-page":"43","article-title":"American sign language and cued English","volume":"6","author":"Hauser Peter C.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Peter C. Hauser. 2000. American sign language and cued English. Biling. Ident. Deaf Commun. 6 (2000), 43.","journal-title":"Biling. Ident. Deaf Commun."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2049536.2049549"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Joseph Hill. 2020. Do deaf communities actually want sign language gloves?Nat. Electron. (2020). DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41928-020-0451-7.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-020-0451-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_85_1","volume-title":"Signing outside the box: The size of signing space in Black ASL. New Ways Anal. Variat. 38","author":"Hill Joseph","year":"2009","unstructured":"Joseph Hill, Carolyn McCaskill, Ceil Lucas, and Robert Bayley. 2009. Signing outside the box: The size of signing space in Black ASL. New Ways Anal. Variat. 38 (2009)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/sls.2017.0020"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2598510.2598530"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v32i1.11903"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3046788"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_90_1","volume-title":"Audism: The making of a word. Unpublished essay. https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C47&q=humphries+audism+the+making+of+a+word&btnG=.","author":"Humphries Tom","year":"1975","unstructured":"Tom Humphries. 1975. Audism: The making of a word. Unpublished essay. https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C47&q=humphries+audism+the+making+of+a+word&btnG=."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jlme.12097"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_92_1","unstructured":"KinTrans Inc. 2013. Project KinTrans Hands Can Talk. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.kintrans.com\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_93_1","unstructured":"MotionSavvy Inc.2013. UNI. Retrieved from http:\/\/motionsavvy.com."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_94_1","unstructured":"SignAll Technologies Inc. 2016. SignAll 1.0. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.signall.us\/."},{"volume-title":"Community-Based Participatory Research for Health: From Process to Outcomes","author":"Minkler Meredith","key":"e_1_2_1_95_1","unstructured":"Meredith Minkler and Nina Wallerstein. 2011. Community-Based Participatory Research for Health: From Process to Outcomes. John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_96_1","first-page":"29","article-title":"Cultural constructs that impede discussions about variability in speech-based educational models for deaf children with cochlear implants","volume":"24","author":"Johnson Robert E.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Robert E. Johnson. 2006. Cultural constructs that impede discussions about variability in speech-based educational models for deaf children with cochlear implants. Perspectiva 24, 3 (2006), 29\u201380.","journal-title":"Perspectiva"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/sls.2006.0006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_98_1","volume-title":"MS-ASL: A large-scale data set and benchmark for understanding American sign language. arXiv:1812.01053 [cs] (Dec","author":"Vaezi Joze Hamid Reza","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hamid Reza Vaezi Joze and Oscar Koller. 2018. MS-ASL: A large-scale data set and benchmark for understanding American sign language. arXiv:1812.01053 [cs] (Dec. 2018)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3386296.3386300"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3325862"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMI.2002.1166987"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2009.87"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_104_1","unstructured":"Michael Kipp. 2017. Anvil. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.anvil-software.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app9132683"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_106_1","volume-title":"Quantitative survey of the state of the art in sign language recognition. arXiv:2008.09918 [cs] (Aug","author":"Koller Oscar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Oscar Koller. 2020. Quantitative survey of the state of the art in sign language recognition. arXiv:2008.09918 [cs] (Aug. 2020)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_107_1","volume-title":"Hermann Ney, and Richard Bowden.","author":"Koller Oscar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Oscar Koller, Necati Cihan Camgoz, Hermann Ney, and Richard Bowden. 2019. Weakly supervised learning with multi-stream CNN-LSTM-HMMs to discover sequential parallelism in sign language videos. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. accepted for publication (2019), 15."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2015.09.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/FG.2013.6553777"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-10590-1_19"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCVW.2015.69"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_112_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the LREC Workshop on the Representation and Processing of Sign Languages. 121\u2013128","author":"Koller Oscar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Oscar Koller, Hermann Ney, and Richard Bowden. 2016. Automatic alignment of HamNoSys subunits for continuous sign language recognition. In Proceedings of the LREC Workshop on the Representation and Processing of Sign Languages. 121\u2013128."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.412"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.364"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5244\/C.30.136"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-018-1121-3"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the CHI Learning Innovation at Scale Workshop.","author":"Komarov Steven","key":"e_1_2_1_117_1","unstructured":"Steven Komarov and Krzysztof Z. Gajos. 2014. Organic peer assessment. In Proceedings of the CHI Learning Innovation at Scale Workshop."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.25592\/dgs-corpus-2.0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_119_1","first-page":"1017","article-title":"Internet paradox: A social technology that reduces social involvement and psychological well-being?Amer","volume":"53","author":"Kraut Robert","year":"1998","unstructured":"Robert Kraut, Michael Patterson, Vicki Lundmark, Sara Kiesler, Tridas Mukophadhyay, and William Scherlis. 1998. Internet paradox: A social technology that reduces social involvement and psychological well-being?Amer. Psychol. 53, 9 (1998), 1017.","journal-title":"Psychol."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_120_1","volume-title":"Bo Hardell, Janne Boye Niemel\u00e4, J\u00f8rgen Sandholt, and Maja Toft.","author":"Kristoffersen Jette H.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jette H. Kristoffersen, Thomas Troelsg\u00e5rd, Anne Skov Hardell, Bo Hardell, Janne Boye Niemel\u00e4, J\u00f8rgen Sandholt, and Maja Toft. 2016. Ordbog over Dansk Tegnsprog 2008\u20132016. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.tegnsprog.dk\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_121_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_122_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ICT Accessibility Testing Symposium: Mobile Testing, 508 Revision, and Beyond (ICT\u201918)","author":"Kushalnagar Raja","year":"2018","unstructured":"Raja Kushalnagar. 2018. Legibility of videos with ASL signers. In Proceedings of the ICT Accessibility Testing Symposium: Mobile Testing, 508 Revision, and Beyond (ICT\u201918)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_123_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0047404500006576"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_124_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"Silent talkies","volume":"76","author":"Ladner Emil","year":"1931","unstructured":"Emil Ladner. 1931. Silent talkies. American Annals of the Deaf 76, 3 (May 1931), 321\u2013325. https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/action\/doBasicSearch?Query=silent+talkies+ladner&filter=jid%3A10.2307%2Fj50013925.","journal-title":"American Annals of the Deaf"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_125_1","unstructured":"Harlan Lane. 1989. When the Mind Hears: A History of the Deaf. Vintage."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_126_1","volume-title":"Bahan","author":"Lane Harlan L.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Harlan L. Lane, Robert Hoffmeister, and Benjamin J. Bahan. 1996. A Journey into the DEAF-WORLD.DawnSign Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_127_1","volume-title":"Lang et\u00a0al","author":"Harry","year":"2000","unstructured":"Harry G. Lang et\u00a0al. 2000. A Phone of Our Own: The Deaf Insurrection against Ma Bell. Gallaudet University Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_128_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-11680-8_24"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_129_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Gesture Workshop. Springer, 25\u201336","author":"Lenseigne Boris","year":"2005","unstructured":"Boris Lenseigne and Patrice Dalle. 2005. Using signing space as a representation for sign language processing. In Proceedings of the International Gesture Workshop. Springer, 25\u201336."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_130_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3386308.3386309"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_131_1","unstructured":"Talila A. Lewis. 2014. Police Brutality and Deaf People. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.aclu.org\/blog\/national-security\/police-brutality-and-deaf-people."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_132_1","volume-title":"Xin Yu, and Hongdong Li.","author":"Li Dongxu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dongxu Li, Cristian Rodriguez Opazo, Xin Yu, and Hongdong Li. 2020. Word-level deep sign language recognition from video: A new large-scale dataset and methods comparison. arXiv:1910.11006 [cs] (Jan. 2020)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_133_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2008.123"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_134_1","volume-title":"Johnson","author":"Liddell Scott K.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Scott K. Liddell and Robert E. Johnson. 1989. American sign language: The phonological base.Sign Lang. Stud. 1 (1989), 64:195\u2013277."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_135_1","first-page":"965","article-title":"The public domain","volume":"39","author":"Litman Jessica","year":"1990","unstructured":"Jessica Litman. 1990. The public domain. Emory Law J. 39 (1990), 965.","journal-title":"Emory Law J."},{"volume-title":"Three Generations","author":"Lombardo Paul A.","key":"e_1_2_1_136_1","unstructured":"Paul A. Lombardo. 2008. Three Generations, No Imbeciles: Eugenics, the Supreme Court, and Buck v. Bell. JHU Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_137_1","volume-title":"Knowledge Integrity: Data Ownership.","author":"Loshin David","year":"2002","unstructured":"David Loshin. 2002. Knowledge Integrity: Data Ownership. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.datawarehouse.com\/article\/?articleid=3052."},{"volume-title":"The Sociolinguistics of Sign Languages","author":"Lucas Ceil","key":"e_1_2_1_138_1","unstructured":"Ceil Lucas. 2001. The Sociolinguistics of Sign Languages. Cambridge University Press."},{"volume-title":"The Sociolinguistics of the Deaf Community","author":"Lucas Ceil","key":"e_1_2_1_139_1","unstructured":"Ceil Lucas. 2014. The Sociolinguistics of the Deaf Community. Elsevier."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_140_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/env060"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_141_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3191755"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_142_1","unstructured":"Maartjedemeulder. 2020. Retrieved from https:\/\/acadeafic.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_143_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3415196"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_144_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1366728917000724"},{"volume-title":"The Hidden Treasure of Black ASL: Its History and Structure","author":"McCaskill Carolyn","key":"e_1_2_1_145_1","unstructured":"Carolyn McCaskill, Ceil Lucas, Robert Bayley, and Joseph Hill. 2011. The Hidden Treasure of Black ASL: Its History and Structure. Gallaudet University Press, Washington, DC."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_146_1","volume-title":"Sara Pivac Alexander, and Lynette Pivac","author":"McKee David","year":"2015","unstructured":"David McKee, Rachel McKee, Sara Pivac Alexander, and Lynette Pivac. 2015. The Online Dictionary of New Zealand Sign Language. Retrieved from http:\/\/nzsl.vuw.ac.nz\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_147_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2013.301343"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_148_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/cpr.2012.0037"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_149_1","first-page":"267","article-title":"Emerging sign languages","volume":"2","author":"Meir Irit","year":"2010","unstructured":"Irit Meir, Wendy Sandler, Carol Padden, Mark Aronoff et\u00a0al. 2010. Emerging sign languages. Oxford Handb. Deaf Stud., Lang. Educ. 2 (2010), 267\u2013280.","journal-title":"Oxford Handb. Deaf Stud., Lang. Educ."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_150_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/sls.2006.0019"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_151_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3412836.3412840"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_152_1","first-page":"17","article-title":"The history of language and communication issues in deaf education","volume":"2","author":"Moores Donald F.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Donald F. Moores. 2010. The history of language and communication issues in deaf education. Oxford Handb. Deaf Stud., Lang. Educ. 2 (2010), 17\u201330.","journal-title":"Oxford Handb. Deaf Stud., Lang. Educ."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_153_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3356727"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_154_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/153571.255960"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_155_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2019.00065"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_156_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1075\/intp.17.2.01nic"},{"volume-title":"A Disability History of the United States","author":"Nielsen Kim E.","key":"e_1_2_1_157_1","unstructured":"Kim E. Nielsen. 2012. A Disability History of the United States. Vol. 2. Beacon Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_158_1","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Justice Civil Rights Division. 2014. Effective Communication. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.ada.gov\/effective-comm.htm."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_159_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2014.248"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_160_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2005.112"},{"volume-title":"Research Methods in Sign Language Studies: A Practical Guide","author":"Orfanidou Eleni","key":"e_1_2_1_161_1","unstructured":"Eleni Orfanidou, Bencie Woll, and Gary Morgan. 2014. Research Methods in Sign Language Studies: A Practical Guide. John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_162_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/pbm.2020.0004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_163_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Regulation on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95\/46\/EC (Data Protection Directive). L119","author":"European Parliament and Council of the European Union. 2016.","unstructured":"European Parliament and Council of the European Union. 2016. Regulation on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95\/46\/EC (Data Protection Directive). L119, p. 1-88."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_164_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"Sonority and syllable structure in American sign language","volume":"23","author":"Perlmutter David M.","year":"1992","unstructured":"David M. Perlmutter. 1992. Sonority and syllable structure in American sign language. Linguistic Inquiry 23, 3 (Summer 1992), 407\u2013442. https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/action\/doBasicSearch?Query=perlmutter+%22Sonority+and+syllable+structure+in+American+sign+language%22.","journal-title":"Linguistic Inquiry"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_165_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110261325"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_166_1","unstructured":"Rob Picheta. 2020. High-tech glove translates sign language into speech in real time. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2020\/06\/30\/health\/sign-language-glove-ucla-scn-scli-intl\/index.html."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of Language Resources and Evaluation Conference.","author":"Pichler Chen","key":"e_1_2_1_167_1","unstructured":"Chen Pichler, Julie Hochgesang, Doreen Simons, and Diane Lillo-Martin. [n.d.]. Community input on recontesting for data sharing. In Proceedings of Language Resources and Evaluation Conference."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_168_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the European Conference on Computer Vision Workshops (ECCVW\u201914)","author":"Pigou Lionel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lionel Pigou, Sander Dieleman, Pieter-Jan Kindermans, and Benjamin Schrauwen. 2014. Sign language recognition using convolutional neural networks. In Proceedings of the European Conference on Computer Vision Workshops (ECCVW\u201914), Lourdes Agapito, Michael M. Bronstein, and Carsten Rother (Eds.), Vol. I. Springer International Publishing, 572\u2013578."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the LREC Workshop on the Representation and Processing of Sign Languages. 196\u2013203","author":"Pitsikalis V.","key":"e_1_2_1_169_1","unstructured":"V. Pitsikalis, S. Theodorakis, and P. Maragos. 2010. Data-driven sub-units and modeling structure for continuous sign language recognition with multiple cues. In Proceedings of the LREC Workshop on the Representation and Processing of Sign Languages. 196\u2013203."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_170_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2011.5981681"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_171_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Iberoamerican Workshop on Human-computer Interaction. Springer, 369\u2013380","author":"Prietch Soraia Silva","year":"2019","unstructured":"Soraia Silva Prietch, Polianna dos Santos Paim, Ivan Olmos-Pineda, Josefina Guerrero Garc\u00eda, and Juan Manuel Gonzalez Calleros. 2019. The human and the context components in the design of automatic sign language recognition systems. In Proceedings of the Iberoamerican Workshop on Human-computer Interaction. Springer, 369\u2013380."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_172_1","volume-title":"Polianna dos S. Paim, J. M. G. Calleros, J. G. Garc\u00eda, and R. Resmin.","author":"Prietch Soraia Silva","year":"2019","unstructured":"Soraia Silva Prietch, Ivan Olmos Pineda, Polianna dos S. Paim, J. M. G. Calleros, J. G. Garc\u00eda, and R. Resmin. 2019. Discussion on image processing for sign language recognition: An overview of the problem complexity. United Academic Journals (2019), 112\u2013127."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_173_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/aad.2016.0028"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_174_1","unstructured":"Ronice M\u00fcller Quadros Deon\u00edsio Schmitt Juliana Lohn and Tarc\u00edsio de Arantes Leite. [n.d.]. Corpus de Libras. Retrieved from http:\/\/corpuslibras.ufsc.br\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_175_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/5.18626"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_176_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qasim Mahmood Rajpoot and Christian Damsgaard Jensen. 2015. Video surveillance: Privacy issues and legal compliance. In Promoting Social Change and Democracy Through Information Technology. IGI global 69\u201392.","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-4666-8502-4.ch004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_177_1","volume-title":"Authentic voices, authentic encounters: Cripping the university through American sign language. Disab. Stud. Quart. 38, 4","author":"Robinson Octavian","year":"2018","unstructured":"Octavian Robinson and Jonathan Henner. 2018. Authentic voices, authentic encounters: Cripping the university through American sign language. Disab. Stud. Quart. 38, 4 (2018)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_178_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2885.2006.00277.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_180_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-28954-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_181_1","article-title":"Indicating verbs as typologically unique constructions: Reconsidering verb \u201cagreement\u201d in sign languages. Glossa","volume":"3","author":"Schembri Adam","year":"2018","unstructured":"Adam Schembri, Kearsy Cormier, and Jordan Fenlon. 2018. Indicating verbs as typologically unique constructions: Reconsidering verb \u201cagreement\u201d in sign languages. Glossa: J. Gen. Ling. 3, 1 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Gen. Ling."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_182_1","volume-title":"Chicago\u2019s video surveillance cameras: A pervasive and poorly regulated threat to our privacy. Nw. J. Tech. & Intell. Prop. 11","author":"Schwartz Adam","year":"2012","unstructured":"Adam Schwartz. 2012. Chicago\u2019s video surveillance cameras: A pervasive and poorly regulated threat to our privacy. Nw. J. Tech. & Intell. Prop. 11 (2012), ix."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_183_1","volume-title":"Children creating core properties of language: Evidence from an emerging sign language in Nicaragua. Science 305, 5691","author":"Senghas Ann","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ann Senghas, Sotaro Kita, and Asli \u00d6zy\u00fcrek. 2004. Children creating core properties of language: Evidence from an emerging sign language in Nicaragua. Science 305, 5691 (2004), 1779\u20131782."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 15th ACM\/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries. 279\u2013280","author":"Simon Dylan A.","key":"e_1_2_1_184_1","unstructured":"Dylan A. Simon, Andrew S. Gordon, Lisa Steiger, and Rick O. Gilmore. 2015. Databrary: Enabling sharing and reuse of research video. In Proceedings of the 15th ACM\/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries. 279\u2013280."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_185_1","unstructured":"T. Simonite. 2019. The best algorithms struggle to recognize black faces equally. WIRED."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_186_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.langcom.2020.06.008"},{"volume-title":"\u201cData Dignity","author":"Spadafora Anthony","key":"e_1_2_1_187_1","unstructured":"Anthony Spadafora. 2019. Microsoft\u2019s new \u201cData Dignity\u201d team aims to give users more control over their data. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.techradar.com\/news\/microsofts-new-data-dignity-team-aims-to-give-users-more-control-over-their-data."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_188_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0094053"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Symposium on Computer Vision. 265\u2013270","author":"Starner T.","key":"e_1_2_1_189_1","unstructured":"T. Starner and A. Pentland. 1995. Real-time American sign language recognition from video using hidden Markov models. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Computer Vision. 265\u2013270."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_190_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/34.735811"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_191_1","volume-title":"Sign language structure: An outline of the visual communication systems of the American deaf. Stud. Ling.: Occas. Papers 8, 8","author":"Stokoe William C.","year":"1960","unstructured":"William C. Stokoe. 1960. Sign language structure: An outline of the visual communication systems of the American deaf. Stud. Ling.: Occas. Papers 8, 8 (1960)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_192_1","volume-title":"1965 (reissued","author":"Stokoe William C.","year":"1976","unstructured":"William C. Stokoe, Dorothy C. Casterline, and Carl G. Croneberg. 1965 (reissued 1976). A Dictionary of American Sign Language on Linguistic Principles. Linstok Press."},{"volume-title":"Sign Language Archaeology: Understanding the Historical Roots of American Sign Language","author":"Supalla Ted","key":"e_1_2_1_193_1","unstructured":"Ted Supalla and Patricia Clark. 2014. Sign Language Archaeology: Understanding the Historical Roots of American Sign Language. Gallaudet University Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_194_1","unstructured":"Valerie Sutton. 1995. Lessons in SignWriting. SignWriting."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_195_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP40776.2020.9054678"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_196_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2470654.2481360"},{"volume-title":"Language from the Body: Iconicity and Metaphor in American Sign Language","author":"Taub Sarah F.","key":"e_1_2_1_197_1","unstructured":"Sarah F. Taub. 2001. Language from the Body: Iconicity and Metaphor in American Sign Language. Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_198_1","volume-title":"Disability Dongle: A well intended elegant, yet useless solution to a problem we never knew we had. Disability Dongles are most often conceived of and created in design schools and at IDEO.","author":"Jackson Liz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liz (tear down every statue of Andrew) Jackson. 2019. Disability Dongle: A well intended elegant, yet useless solution to a problem we never knew we had. Disability Dongles are most often conceived of and created in design schools and at IDEO. Retrieved from https:\/\/twitter.com\/elizejackson\/status\/1110629818234818570?s=20."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_199_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17483107.2016.1253117"},{"volume-title":"Registers, Enz","author":"Tervoort Bernard T.","key":"e_1_2_1_200_1","unstructured":"Bernard T. Tervoort. 1953. Structurele Analyze van Visueel Taalgebruik binnen een Groep Dove Kinderen: Structural Analysis of Visual Language use Within a Group of Deaf Children. Deel 2. Materiaal, Registers, Enz. North-Holland Publishing Company."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_201_1","unstructured":"The Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics The language Archive. 2018. ELAN. Retrieved from https:\/\/tla.mpi.nl\/tools\/tla-tools\/elan\/elan-description\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_202_1","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services The Office of Research Integrity (ORI). 2020. Responsible Conduct in Data Management: Data Ownership. Retrieved from https:\/\/ori.hhs.gov\/education\/products\/n_illinois_u\/datamanagement\/dotopic.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_203_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/14992027.2012.759666"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_204_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/aad.2017.0006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_205_1","volume-title":"AI fairness for people with disabilities: Point of view. ArXiv abs\/1811.10670","author":"Trewin Shari","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shari Trewin. 2018. AI fairness for people with disabilities: Point of view. ArXiv abs\/1811.10670 (2018)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_206_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3362077.3362086"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_207_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3386296.3386297"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_208_1","volume-title":"Hilde Nyffels, and Sam Verstraete.","author":"Herreweghe Mieke Van","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mieke Van Herreweghe, Myriam Vermeerbergen, Eline Demey, Hannes De Durpel, Hilde Nyffels, and Sam Verstraete. 2015. Het Corpus VGT. Een Digitaal Open Access Corpus van Videos and Annotaties van Vlaamse Gebarentaal, Ontwikkeld Aan de Universiteit Gent Ism KU Leuven. Retrieved from www.corpusvgt.be."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_209_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226690759.001.0001"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC\u201997)","author":"Vogler C.","key":"e_1_2_1_210_1","unstructured":"C. Vogler and D. Metaxas. 1997. Adapting hidden Markov models for ASL recognition by using three-dimensional computer vision methods. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC\u201997). Orlando, 156\u2013161."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_211_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.1999.791206"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_212_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-46616-9_19"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_213_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/cviu.2000.0895"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_214_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-24598-8_23"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_215_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/AFGR.2008.4813472"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_216_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR42600.2020.00922"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_217_1","unstructured":"World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). 2018. Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.1. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/2018\/REC-WCAG21-20180605\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_218_1","unstructured":"Elyse Wanshel. 2016. Students Invented Gloves That Can Translate Sign Language into Speech and Text. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.huffpost.com\/entry\/navid-azodi-and-thomas-pryor-signaloud-gloves-translate-american-sign-language-into-speech-text_n_571fb38ae4b0f309baeee06d."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_219_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2009.26"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_220_1","volume-title":"SF-Net: Structured feature network for continuous sign language recognition. arXiv:1908.01341 [cs] (Aug","author":"Yang Zhaoyang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhaoyang Yang, Zhenmei Shi, Xiaoyong Shen, and Yu-Wing Tai. 2019. SF-Net: Structured feature network for continuous sign language recognition. arXiv:1908.01341 [cs] (Aug. 2019)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_221_1","unstructured":"YouTube. [n.d.]. YouTube.com Results Query: \u201cASL homework\u201d. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/results?search_query=ASL+homework."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_222_1","unstructured":"L. L. C. YouTube. 2005. YouTube. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_223_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR\u201917)","author":"Zhang Chiyuan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chiyuan Zhang, Samy Bengio, Moritz Hardt, Benjamin Recht, and Oriol Vinyals. 2017. Understanding deep learning requires rethinking generalization. In Proceedings of the Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR\u201917)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_224_1","volume-title":"Spatial-temporal multi-cue network for continuous sign language recognition. arXiv:2002.03187 [cs] (Feb","author":"Zhou Hao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hao Zhou, Wengang Zhou, Yun Zhou, and Houqiang Li. 2020. Spatial-temporal multi-cue network for continuous sign language recognition. arXiv:2002.03187 [cs] (Feb. 2020)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_225_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-020-0428-6"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3436996","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3436996","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]],"date-time":"2025-03-14T16:45:13Z","timestamp":1741970713000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3436996"}},"subtitle":["An Interdisciplinary Perspective"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]]},"references-count":223,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3436996"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3436996","relation":{},"ISSN":["1936-7228","1936-7236"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1936-7228"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1936-7236"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-08-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-11-01","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-07-21","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}