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While the classical paper on IRON File Systems provides a thorough study of the failure policies of three file systems common at the time, we argue that 13 years later it is time to revisit file system reliability with SSDs and their reliability characteristics in mind, based on modern file systems that incorporate journaling, copy-on-write, and log-structured approaches and are optimized for flash. This article presents a detailed study, spanning ext4, Btrfs, and F2FS, and covering a number of different SSD error modes. We develop our own fault injection framework and explore over 1,000 error cases. Our results indicate that 16% of these cases result in a file system that cannot be mounted or even repaired by its system checker. We also identify the key file system metadata structures that can cause such failures, and, finally, we recommend some design guidelines for file systems that are deployed on top of SSDs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3375553","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,16]],"date-time":"2020-03-16T05:03:46Z","timestamp":1584335026000},"page":"1-28","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The Reliability of Modern File Systems in the face of SSD Errors"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3294-911X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shehbaz","family":"Jaffer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Toronto"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9742-3960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stathis","family":"Maneas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"}]},{"given":"Andy","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"}]},{"given":"Bianca","family":"Schroeder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"2019. 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