{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,22]],"date-time":"2025-03-22T09:44:52Z","timestamp":1742636692616},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,16]],"date-time":"2013-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1368662400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Topics in Cognitive Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,7]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>The entropy\u2010reduction hypothesis claims that the cognitive processing difficulty on a word in sentence context is determined by the word's effect on the uncertainty about the sentence. Here, this hypothesis is tested more thoroughly than has been done before, using a recurrent neural network for estimating entropy and self\u2010paced reading for obtaining measures of cognitive processing load. Results show a positive relation between reading time on a word and the reduction in entropy due to processing that word, supporting the entropy\u2010reduction hypothesis. Although this effect is independent from the effect of word surprisal, we find no evidence that these two measures correspond to cognitively distinct processes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/tops.12025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,16]],"date-time":"2013-05-16T18:24:43Z","timestamp":1368728683000},"page":"475-494","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":80,"title":["Uncertainty Reduction as a Measure of Cognitive Load in Sentence Comprehension"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Stefan L.","family":"Frank","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cognitive, Perceptual, and Brain Sciences University College London"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0016261"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2007.12.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21500\/20112084.807"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/coli_a_00016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0024194"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","unstructured":"Blache P. &Rauzy S.(2011).Predicting linguistic difficulty by means of a morpho\u2010syntactic probabilistic model.In Proceedings of the 25th Pacific Asia Conference on Language Information and Computation(pp. 160\u2013167)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.1968.1054094"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.16910\/jemr.2.1.1","article-title":"Parsing costs as predictors of reading difficulty: An evaluation using the Potsdam Sentence Corpus","volume":"2","author":"Boston M. F.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Eye Movement Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01690965.2010.492228"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","volume-title":"Testing surprisal theory using connectionist networks and dimensionality reduction methods","author":"Brakel P.","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01638539809545027"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2008.07.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog1402_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","first-page":"398","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 13th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics","author":"Fernandez Monsalve I.","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","first-page":"61","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics","author":"Fossum V.","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","first-page":"81","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics","author":"Frank S. L.","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797611409589"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","first-page":"733","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 30th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society","author":"Frank S. L.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/info2040672"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09296179508590051"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog0000_7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/1073336.1073357"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022492123056"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog0000_64"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1551-6709.2010.01145.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogpsych.2010.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.111.2.228"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.104.2.211"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2007.05.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","volume-title":"Vision","author":"Marr D.","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","first-page":"196\u2013206","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics","author":"Mitchell J.","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2011.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10867-010-9195-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roark B. Bachrach A. Cardenas C. &Pallier C.(2009).Deriving lexical and syntactic expectation\u2010based measures for psycholinguistic modeling via incremental top\u2010down parsing. InProceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing(pp. 324\u2013333). Association for Computational Linguistics.","DOI":"10.3115\/1699510.1699553"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","volume-title":"Part\u2010of\u2010speech tagging guidelines for the Penn Treebank project (Tech. Rep.)","author":"Santorini B.","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","first-page":"595","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 30th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society","author":"Smith N. J.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/1220575.1220634"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","first-page":"1189","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics","author":"Wu S.","year":"2010"}],"container-title":["Topics in Cognitive Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Ftops.12025","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/tops.12025","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/tops.12025","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/tops.12025","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T17:20:15Z","timestamp":1696180815000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/tops.12025"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,16]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/tops.12025"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/tops.12025","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1756-8757","1756-8765"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1756-8757","type":"print"},{"value":"1756-8765","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2012-01-30","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2012-08-08","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2013-05-16","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}