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We focus on the ambiguities that arise when adjectives occur in coordinated structures. The central idea is to use statistical information about lexical co\u2010occurrence to estimate which interpretation of a phrase is most likely for human readers, and to avoid generating phrases where misunderstandings are likely. Various aspects of the problem were explored in three experiments in which responses by human participants provided evidence about which reading was most likely for certain phrases, which phrases were deemed most suitable for particular referents, and the speed at which various phrases were read. We found a preference for \u2018\u2018clear\u2019\u2019 expressions to \u2018\u2018unclear\u2019\u2019 ones, but if several of the expressions are \u2018\u2018clear,\u2019\u2019 then brief expressions are preferred over non\u2010brief ones even though the brief ones are syntactically ambiguous and the non\u2010brief ones are not; the notion of clarity was made precise using Kilgarriff's Word Sketches. We outline an implemented algorithm that generates noun phrases conforming to our hypotheses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1756-8765.2011.01167.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,10]],"date-time":"2011-11-10T15:19:26Z","timestamp":1320938366000},"page":"211-231","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Managing Ambiguity in Reference Generation: The Role of Surface Structure"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Imtiaz H.","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kees van","family":"Deemter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Graeme","family":"Ritchie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"The balancing act: Combining symbolic and statistical approaches to language","author":"Abney S.","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroling.2005.11.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","first-page":"75","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2nd UCNLG workshop: language generation and machine translation (UCNLG + MT)","author":"Belz A.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","first-page":"709","volume-title":"Proceedings of international joint conference on artificial intelligence (IJCAI\u201087)","author":"Binot J.\u2010I.","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/RE.2006.31","volume-title":"Identifying nocuous ambiguity in natural language requirements","author":"Chantree F.","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the recent advances in natural language processing","author":"Chantree F.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","volume-title":"Fatal words: Communication clashes and aircraft crashes","author":"Cushing S.","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog1902_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/1118253.1118273"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/089120102317341765"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jos\/21.3.251"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","first-page":"17","volume-title":"Computing meaning, vol. iii, studies in linguistics and philosophy","author":"van Deemter K.","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9612.00032_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-818X.2007.00007.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8721.00158"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0057532"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","first-page":"96","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 40th annual meeting of the acl","author":"Gardent C.","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_1","volume-title":"Generating coherent references to multiple entities","author":"Gatt A.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/1708322.1708365"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/1610195.1610224"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2004.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_23_1","first-page":"70","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on nlg","author":"Horacek H.","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_24_1","first-page":"215","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 6th international workshop on nlg","author":"Inui K.","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/1599081.1599136"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_26_1","first-page":"105","volume-title":"Proceedings of EURALEX","author":"Kilgarriff A.","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kincaid J. 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