{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,24]],"date-time":"2024-06-24T19:10:44Z","timestamp":1719256244205},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,10]],"date-time":"2007-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1197244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Computer aided Civil Eng"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,1]]},"abstract":"Abstract:\u2003<\/jats:bold> Ground penetrating radar (GPR) has become a viable technology for non\u2010destructive condition assessment of reinforced concrete structures. Interpretation of the radar signal is typically performed through preliminary filtering techniques and interpretation is based on viewing numerous signals in the form of a scan. Although anomalies can be evident in the scanned image, quantification and interpretation of the main issue remain ambiguous. This article presents the ambiguity and common methods of interpretation based on response amplitude and travel time. An integrated medium is developed and used as a forward modeling tool to generate a realistic radar reflection of a reinforced concrete bridge deck with defects. A healthy deck reflection is obtained from a separate model and is combined with an inverse solution to quantifiably estimate unknown subsurface properties such as layer thickness and dielectric constants of subsurface materials evident in the realistic radar trace as well as. The forward modeling tool and associated model based assessment provides an objective computational alternative to the interpretation of scanned images.<\/jats:italic> <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8667.2007.00516.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,13]],"date-time":"2010-09-13T16:32:25Z","timestamp":1284395545000},"page":"3-16","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Model Based Evaluation of Bridge Decks Using Ground Penetrating Radar"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Kimberly","family":"Belli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Wadia\u2010Fascetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Carey","family":"Rappaport","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nme.1731"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","unstructured":"Adam C.(1997) Ground penetrating radar for non\u2010destructive evaluation of concrete bridge decks.Unpublished master's thesis University of Vermont ."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0899-1561(1995)7:3(192)"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","unstructured":"Al\u2010Qadi I. Jiang K.&Lahouar S.(2006) Bridge deck reinforcing steel cover depth prediction using GPR inTransportation Research Board 85th Annual Meeting(Paper No.06\u20131904)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ndteint.2006.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","unstructured":"ASCE. (2001) Report card for America's infrastructure. (Available at:http:\/\/www.asce.org\/reportcard\/pdf\/reportcard.pdf. Accessed on October 14 2004.)"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","unstructured":"ASCE. (2003) Progress report: An update to the 2001 report card. (Available at:http:\/\/www.asce.org\/reportcard\/. Accessed on October 14 2004.)"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)1076-0342(2004)10:2(69)"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ndteint.2005.02.003"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","first-page":"222","article-title":"Inversion strategy in crosshole radar tomography using information of data subsets","volume":"69","author":"Becht A.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Geophysical Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2005.846176"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","first-page":"185","article-title":"A perfectly matched layer for the absorption of electromagnetic waves","volume":"114","author":"Berenger J.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Mathematics and Physics"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Delatte N. Chen S. Maini N. Parker N. Agrawal A. Mylonakis G. Subramaniam K. Kawaguchi A. Bosela P. McNeil S.&Miller R.(2003) The application of nondestructive evaluation to subway tunnel systems Transportation Research Record 1845 Transportation Research Board 127\u2013135.","DOI":"10.3141\/1845-14"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9399(2000)126:7(725)"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","volume-title":"Handbook for GPR Inspection of Raod Structures","author":"GSSI","year":"2005"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","first-page":"396","article-title":"Detection of sub\u2010surface anomalies in concrete bridge decks using ground penetrating radar","volume":"94","author":"Halabe U. B.","year":"1997","journal-title":"ACI Materials Journal"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","first-page":"511","article-title":"Condition assessment of reinforced concrete structures using electromagnetic waves","volume":"92","author":"Halabe U. B.","year":"1995","journal-title":"ACI Materials Journal"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","first-page":"552","article-title":"Modeling the electromagnetic properties of concrete","volume":"90","author":"Halabe U. B.","year":"1993","journal-title":"ACI Materials Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","unstructured":"Houston D. Maser K. Weedon W. Fuhr P.&Adam C.(1997) Bridge deck evaluation with ground penetrating radar inInternational Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring Stanford University Stanford CA ."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","unstructured":"Huang Z. Demarest K.&Plumb R.(1996) Ground\u2010penetrating radar antenna modeling. In Vol.1 p.778\u2013780."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","unstructured":"Hubing T. H.(1991) Survey of numerical electromagnetic modeling techniques(Tech. Rep. No. TR91\u20101\u2010001.3). University of Missouri\u2010Rolla . (Sponsored by Intel Corporation)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","unstructured":"Leuschen C.&Plumb R.(1998) Introducing the effects of dispersive media into the finite\u2010difference time\u2010domain algorithm [ground\u2010penetrating radar] in (Vol.1 pp.282\u2013284)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/36.921410"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-947X(2003)129:1(93)"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","first-page":"201","volume-title":"Review of Radio Science: 1999\u20102002 Ursi","author":"Marklein R.","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0887-3801(1988)2:3(215)"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","unstructured":"Mathworks. (2005) Optimization toolbox for use with matlab."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0926-9851(95)90038-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TEMC.1981.303970"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/20.497403"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026352615393"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","first-page":"262","article-title":"Electromagnetic properties of concrete at microwave frequency range","volume":"95","author":"Rhim H. C.","year":"1998","journal-title":"ACI Materials Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0926-9851(99)00052-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","volume-title":"Numerical Techniques in Electromagnetics","author":"Sadiku M. N.","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ndteint.2005.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-947X(1999)125:4(347)"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ndteint.2004.06.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","first-page":"623","article-title":"Numerical solution of steady state electromagnetic scattering problems using the time\u2010dependent Maxwell's Equations","volume":"23","author":"Taflove A.","year":"1975","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Magnetics"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/156939387X00045"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/36.729364"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","first-page":"511","article-title":"Condition assessment of reinforced concrete structures using electromagnetic waves","volume":"92","author":"Udaya B.","year":"1993","journal-title":"ACI Materials Journal"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","first-page":"552","article-title":"Modeling of the electromagnetic properties of concrete","volume":"90","author":"Udaya B.","year":"1993","journal-title":"ACI Material Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/36.581999"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/8.558655"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.1966.1138693"}],"container-title":["Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fj.1467-8667.2007.00516.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1467-8667.2007.00516.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,14]],"date-time":"2023-10-14T18:14:59Z","timestamp":1697307299000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1467-8667.2007.00516.x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,10]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/j.1467-8667.2007.00516.x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-8667.2007.00516.x","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1093-9687","1467-8667"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1093-9687","type":"print"},{"value":"1467-8667","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2007-12-10","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}