{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,5]],"date-time":"2025-04-05T21:24:24Z","timestamp":1743888264255,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]],"date-time":"2023-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690848000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]],"date-time":"2023-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690761600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002661","name":"FRS-FNRS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,5]],"date-time":"2023-08-05T10:38:24Z","timestamp":1691231904000},"page":"103440","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Digital Twins for cities: Analyzing the gap between concepts and current implementations with a specific focus on data integration"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"122","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0632-1406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Imane","family":"Jeddoub","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Gilles-Antoine","family":"Nys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rafika","family":"Hajji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Roland","family":"Billen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_b0005","first-page":"337","article-title":"exploring digital twin adaptation to the urban environment: comparison with CIM to avoid silo-based approaches","volume":"V-4\u20132022","author":"Adeline","year":"2022","journal-title":"ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat Inf. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adreani, L., Colombo, C., Fanfani, M., Nesi, P., Pantaleo, G., Pisanu, R., 2022. A Photorealistic 3D City Modeling Framework for Smart City Digital Twin, in: 2022 IEEE International Conference on Smart Computing (SMARTCOMP). pp. 299\u2013304. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/SMARTCOMP55677.2022.00071.","DOI":"10.1109\/SMARTCOMP55677.2022.00071"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2338","DOI":"10.3390\/en14082338","article-title":"Cyber-physical systems improving building energy management: digital twin and artificial intelligence","volume":"14","author":"Agostinelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-archives-XLVIII-4-W4-2022-5-2022","article-title":"USE cases for district-scale urban digital twins","volume":"XLVIII-4\/W4-2022","author":"Alva","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote. Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alva, Pradeep, Mosteiro Romero, M., Miller, C., Stouffs, R., 2022. Digital Twin-Based Resilience Evaluation of District-Scale Archetypes. pp. 525\u2013534. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.52842\/conf.caadria.2022.1.525.","DOI":"10.52842\/conf.caadria.2022.1.525"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fbuil.2022.834671","article-title":"Digital twins in the construction industry: a perspective of practitioners and building authority","volume":"8","author":"Ammar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Built Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-annals-X-4-W3-2022-19-2022","article-title":"Smart cities \u2013 systems of systems interoperability and OGC enablers","volume":"X-4\/W3-2022","author":"Atkinson","year":"2022","journal-title":"ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat Inf. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_b0040","first-page":"653","article-title":"Hybrid aerial sensor data as basis for a geospatial digital twin","volume":"43B4","author":"Bacher","year":"2022","journal-title":"ISPRS - Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat Inf. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1177\/2399808318796416","article-title":"Digital twins","volume":"45","author":"Batty","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Plan. B Urban Anal. City Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1068\/b3306ed","article-title":"Digital cornucopias: changing conceptions of the virtual city","volume":"33","author":"Batty","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Plan. B Plan. Des."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_bib484","first-page":"1106","article-title":"Urban Digital Twins \u2013 A FIWARE-based model","volume":"69","author":"Bauer","year":"2021","journal-title":"- Autom"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2842","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi4042842","article-title":"Applications of 3D city models: state of the art review","volume":"4","author":"Biljecki","year":"2015","journal-title":"ISPRS Int. J. Geo Inf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Billen, R., Cutting-Decelle, A., Marina, O., Almeida, J.-P., Caglioni, M., Falquet, G., Leduc, T., M\u00e9tral, C., Moreau, G., Perret, J., Rabino, G., Garc\u00eda, R., Yatskiv, I., Zlatanova, S., 2014. 3D City Models and urban information: Current issues and perspectives. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051\/TU0801\/201400001.","DOI":"10.1051\/TU0801\/201400001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2020.103179","article-title":"Towards a semantic construction digital twin: directions for future research","volume":"114","author":"Boje","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_b0075","unstructured":"Bolton, A., Butler, L., Dabson, I., Enzer, M., Evans, M., Fenemore, T., Harradence, F., Keaney, E., Kemp, A., Luck, A., Pawsey, N., Saville, S., Schooling, J., Sharp, M., Smith, T., Tennison, J., Whyte, J., Wilson, A., Makri, C., 2018. Gemini Principles (Report). CDBB. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17863\/CAM.32260."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14061335","article-title":"Digital twin technology challenges and applications: a comprehensive review","volume":"14","author":"Bot\u00edn-Sanabria","year":"2022","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6263","DOI":"10.3390\/su14106263","article-title":"Digital twin for urban planning in the green deal era: a state of the art and future perspectives","volume":"14","author":"Caprari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_b0090","first-page":"238","article-title":"Urban scale digital twins in data-driven society: challenging digital universalism in urban planning decision-making","volume":"20","author":"Charitonidou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Archit. Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2019.07.002","article-title":"Securing spatial data infrastructures for distributed smart city applications and services","volume":"101","author":"Chaturvedi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_b0100","unstructured":"Chaturvedi, K., 2021. Integration and Management of Time-dependent Properties with Semantic 3D City Models."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chatzinikolaou, E., Pispidikis, I., Dimopoulou, E., 2020. A SEMANTICALLY ENRICHED AND WEB-BASED 3D ENERGY MODEL VISUALIZATION AND RETRIEVAL FOR SMART BUILDING IMPLEMENTATION USING CITYGML AND DYNAMIZER ADE, in: ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences. Presented at the ISPRS TC IV
3rd BIM\/GIS Integration Workshop and 15th 3D GeoInfo Conference 2020 (Volume VI-4\/W1-2020) - 7–11 September 2020, London, UK, Copernicus GmbH, pp. 53\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/isprs-annals-VI-4-W1-2020-53-2020.","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-annals-VI-4-W1-2020-53-2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chehrehbargh, F.J., 2022. Fishermans Bend Digital Twin: Centre for Spatial Data Infrastructures and Land Administration, The University of Melbourne [WWW Document]. CSDILA. URL https:\/\/eng.unimelb.edu.au\/csdila\/projects\/digital-twin\/fishermans-bend (accessed 2.6.23).","DOI":"10.12688\/digitaltwin.17446.1"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, R., 2011. The development of 3D city model and its applications in urban planning, in: 2011 19th International Conference on Geoinformatics. Presented at the 2011 19th International Conference on Geoinformatics, pp. 1\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/GeoInformatics.2011.5981007.","DOI":"10.1109\/GeoInformatics.2011.5981007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1109\/IOTM.0001.1800022","article-title":"A standard-based open source IoT platform: FIWARE","volume":"2","author":"Cirillo","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things Mag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corongiu, M., Tucci, G., Santoro, E., Kourounioti, O., 2018. Data integration of different domains in geo-information management: A railway infrastructure case study. Presented at the International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences - ISPRS Archives, pp. 193\u2013200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/isprs-archives-XLII-4-121-2018.","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-archives-XLII-4-121-2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_b0130","series-title":"Shaping Smart for Better Cities","first-page":"267","article-title":"Chapter 14 - Digital twins of cities and evasive futures","author":"Cureton","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2307","DOI":"10.3390\/su12062307","article-title":"Urban digital twins for smart cities and citizens: the case study of herrenberg, Germany","volume":"12","author":"Dembski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_b0140","first-page":"125","article-title":"A systematic review of a digital twin city: a new pattern of urban governance toward smart cities","volume":"6","author":"Deng","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Manag. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1007\/s43762-021-00005-y","article-title":"Smart city based on digital twins","volume":"1","author":"Deren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Urban Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diakite, A.A., Ng, L., Barton, J., Rigby, M., Williams, K., Barr, S., Zlatanova, S., 2022. LIVEABLE CITY DIGITAL TWIN: A PILOT PROJECT FOR THE CITY OF LIVERPOOL (NSW, AUSTRALIA). ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci. X-4\/W2-2022, 45\u201352. 10.5194\/isprs-annals-X-4-W2-2022-45-2022.","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-annals-X-4-W2-2022-45-2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-archives-XLIII-B4-2021-23-2021","article-title":"3D CITY MODEL AS A FIRST STEP TOWARDS DIGITAL TWIN OF SOFIA CITY","volume":"XLIII-B4-2021","author":"Dimitrov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s41064-020-00102-3","article-title":"Geospatial artificial intelligence: potentials of machine learning for 3D point clouds and geospatial digital twins","volume":"88","author":"D\u00f6llner","year":"2020","journal-title":"PFG \u2013 J. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Geoinformation Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u00f6llner, J., Buchholz, H., 2005. Continuous level-of-detail modeling of buildings in 3D city models, in: Proceedings of the 13th Annual ACM International Workshop on Geographic Information Systems, GIS \u201905. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, pp. 173\u2013181. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1097064.1097089.","DOI":"10.1145\/1097064.1097089"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_b0170","unstructured":"\u00c1vila E\u00e7a de Matos, B., Dane, G.Z., Van Tilburg, T., Verstappen, J., de Vries, B., 2022. State-of-the-Art of the Urban Digital Twin Ecosystem in the Netherlands: 3rd International Smart Cities in Smart Regions Conference. Smart Cities Smart Reg. 2022 Conf. Proc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-annals-X-4-W2-2022-53-2022","article-title":"LOCATION-ENABLED DIGITAL TWINS \u2013 UNDERSTANDING THE ROLE OF NMCAS IN A EUROPEAN CONTEXT","volume":"X-4\/W2-2022","author":"Ellul","year":"2022","journal-title":"ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2022.103905","article-title":"The adoption of urban digital twins","volume":"131","author":"Ferr\u00e9-Bigorra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.12688\/digitaltwin.17574.1","article-title":"Intelligent digital twins and the development and management of complex systems","volume":"2","author":"Grieves","year":"2022","journal-title":"Digit. Twin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_b0190","unstructured":"Grieves, M., 2016. Origins of the Digital Twin Concept. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13140\/RG.2.2.26367.61609."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_b0195","series-title":"Urban and Regional Data Management","article-title":"Integrating urban GIS, CAD, and BIM data by service-based virtual 3D city models","author":"Hagedorn","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen, M., 2020. Smart city dvelopment with digital twin technology. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18690\/978-961-286-362-3.20.","DOI":"10.18690\/978-961-286-362-3.20"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_bib482","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1049\/smc2.12015","article-title":"Urban development with dynamic digital twins in Helsinki city","volume":"3","author":"H\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen","year":"2021","journal-title":"IET Smart Cities"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1080\/15230406.2014.987694","article-title":"A comparison of usefulness of 2D and 3D representations of urban planning","volume":"42","author":"Herbert","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cartogr. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-annals-X-4-W2-2022-97-2022","article-title":"Urban growth simulation using urban dynamics and Citygml: a use case from the city of Munich","volume":"X-4\/W2-2022","author":"Hijazi","year":"2022","journal-title":"ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-archives-XLIII-B1-2022-151-2022","article-title":"Enabling city digital twins through urban living labs","volume":"XLIII-B1-2022","author":"Hristov","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, Y., 2017. Spatial Data Infrastructures. Geogr. Inf. Sci. Technol. Body Knowl. 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22224\/gistbok\/2017.2.1.","DOI":"10.22224\/gistbok\/2017.2.1"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ivanov, S., Nikolskaya, K., Radchenko, G., Sokolinsky, L., Zymbler, M., 2020. Digital Twin of City: Concept Overview, in: 2020 Global Smart Industry Conference (GloSIC). pp. 178\u2013186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/GloSIC50886.2020.9267879.","DOI":"10.1109\/GloSIC50886.2020.9267879"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123817","article-title":"Urban building energy and microclimate modeling \u2013 from 3D city generation to dynamic simulations","volume":"251","author":"Katal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.2148\/benv.46.4.547","article-title":"Digital twins for cities: a state of the art review","volume":"46","author":"Ketzler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Built Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-archives-XLVIII-4-W4-2022-75-2022","article-title":"Digital twin creation for slums in Brazil based on UAV data","volume":"XLVIII-4\/W4-2022","author":"Khawte","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_b0245","series-title":"Urban Informatics, The Urban Book Series","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-8983-6_34","article-title":"Semantic 3D City Modeling and BIM","author":"Kolbe","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_b0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kritzinger, W., Karner, M., Traar, G., Henjes, J., Sihn, W., 2018. Digital Twin in manufacturing: A categorical literature review and classification. IFAC-Pap., 16th IFAC Symposium on Information Control Problems in Manufacturing INCOM 2018 51, 1016\u20131022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ifacol.2018.08.474.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifacol.2018.08.474"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_b0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-annals-IV-4-W5-73-2017","article-title":"Modelling urban noise in CITYGML ADE: case of The Netherlands","volume":"IV-4\/W5","author":"Kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"ISPRS Ann.Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_b0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/s41064-020-00095-z","article-title":"CityGML 3.0: new functions open up new applications","volume":"88","author":"Kutzner","year":"2020","journal-title":"PFG \u2013 J. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Geoinformation Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_b0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s40965-019-0064-0","article-title":"CityJSON: a compact and easy-to-use encoding of the CityGML data model","volume":"4","author":"Ledoux","year":"2019","journal-title":"Open Geospatial Data Softw. Stand."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_bib481","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2866","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.02866","article-title":"3dfier: automatic reconstruction of 3D city models","volume":"6","author":"Ledoux","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Open Source Softw."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_b0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14030723","article-title":"A geospatial platform to manage large-scale individual mobility for an urban digital twin platform","volume":"14","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_b0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s41064-020-00101-4","article-title":"Digital geoTwin Vienna: towards a digital twin city as Geodata Hub. PFG \u2013","volume":"88","author":"Lehner","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Geoinformation Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_b0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jag.2022.102915","article-title":"Digital twin of a city: Review of technology serving city needs","volume":"114","author":"Lehtola","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinformation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_b0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2022.104716","article-title":"Challenges of urban digital twins: A systematic review and a Delphi expert survey","volume":"147","author":"Lei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_bib485","article-title":"Assessing and benchmarking 3D city models","author":"Lei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_b0295","article-title":"Developing a dynamic digital twin at building and city levels: a case study of the West Cambridge campus","volume":"36","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Manage. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_b0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohammadi, N., Taylor, J.E., 2017. Smart city digital twins, in: 2017 IEEE Symposium Series on Computational Intelligence (SSCI). pp. 1\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/SSCI.2017.8285439.","DOI":"10.1109\/SSCI.2017.8285439"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_b0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143222","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3120843","article-title":"Digital twins from smart manufacturing to smart cities: a survey","volume":"9","author":"Mylonas","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_b0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-annals-X-4-W2-2022-217-2022","article-title":"Path-tracing semantic networks to interpret changes in semantic 3d city models","volume":"X-4\/W2-2022","author":"Nguyen","year":"2022","journal-title":"ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat Inf. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_b0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2874","DOI":"10.1111\/tgis.12987","article-title":"Multisource spatial data integration for use cases applications","volume":"26","author":"Noardo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trans. GIS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_b0320","unstructured":"Nochta, T., Parlikad, A., Schooling, J., Badstuber, N., Wahby, N., 2019. The local governance of digital technology \u2013 Implications for the city-scale digital twin (Report). CDBB. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17863\/CAM.43321."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_b0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1080\/10630732.2020.1798177","article-title":"A socio-technical perspective on urban analytics: the case of city-scale digital twins","volume":"28","author":"Nochta","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Urban Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_b0330","article-title":"From consistency to flexibility: Handling spatial information schema thanks to a middleware in a 3D city modeling context","author":"Nys","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trans. GIS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_b0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Omrany, H., Ghaffarianhoseini, Amirhosein, Ghaffarianhoseini, Ali, Clements-Croome, D.J., 2022. The uptake of City Information Modelling (CIM): a comprehensive review of current implementations, challenges and future outlook. Smart Sustain. Built Environ. ahead-of-print. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/SASBE-06-2022-0116.","DOI":"10.1108\/SASBE-06-2022-0116"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_b0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/dap.2021.17","article-title":"Exploring city digital twins as policy tools: a task-based approach to generating synthetic data on urban mobility","volume":"3","author":"Papyshev","year":"2021","journal-title":"Data Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_b0345","series-title":"Human Interaction, Emerging Technologies and Future Applications III, Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing","first-page":"384","article-title":"Digital Twin Modeling of Smart Cities","author":"Petrova-Antonova","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_bib486","first-page":"1","article-title":"DUET: A Framework for Building Interoperable and Trusted Digital Twins of Smart Cities","author":"Raes","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Comput"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_b0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi9100602","article-title":"Concept and evaluation of heating demand prediction based on 3D city models and the CityGML energy ADE\u2014case study Helsinki","volume":"9","author":"Rossknecht","year":"2020","journal-title":"ISPRS Int. J. Geo Inf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_b0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings12050685","article-title":"Future city, digital twinning and the urban realm: a systematic literature review","volume":"12","author":"Saeed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Buildings"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_b0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1177\/2399808320983000","article-title":"CityThings: An integration of the dynamic sensor data to the 3D city model","volume":"48","author":"Santhanavanich","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Plan. B Urban Anal. City Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_b0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-annals-X-4-W2-2022-249-2022","article-title":"THE Spatial data infrastructure of an urban digital twin in the building energy domain using ogc standards","volume":"X-4\/W2-2022","author":"Santhanavanich","year":"2022","journal-title":"ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat Inf. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_b0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi11060343","article-title":"Potential of the geometric layer in urban digital twins","volume":"11","author":"Scalas","year":"2022","journal-title":"ISPRS Int. J. Geo Inf."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_b0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"032005","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/588\/3\/032005","article-title":"City information modeling \u2013 an expedient tool for developing sustainable, responsive and resilient cities?","volume":"588","author":"Schaufler","year":"2020","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_b0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s41064-020-00092-2","article-title":"The digital twin of the city of Zurich for urban planning","volume":"88","author":"Schrotter","year":"2020","journal-title":"PFG \u2013 J. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Geoinformation Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_b0390","first-page":"151","article-title":"Differentiating digital twin from digital shadow: elucidating a paradigm shift to expedite a smart","volume":"11","author":"Sepasgozar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustain. Built Environ. Build."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_b0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3386","DOI":"10.3390\/su13063386","article-title":"City digital twin potentials: a review and research Agenda","volume":"13","author":"Shahat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_b0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings12020120","article-title":"Digital twins in built environments: an investigation of the characteristics, applications, and challenges","volume":"12","author":"Shahzad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Buildings"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_b0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2021.108403","article-title":"City Information Modelling as a support decision tool for planning and management of cities: a systematic literature review and bibliometric analysis","volume":"207","author":"Souza","year":"2022","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_b0410","unstructured":"Stoter, J.E., Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K., Noardo, F., 2021. Digital Twins: A Comprehensive Solution or Hopeful Vision? GIM Int. Worldw. Mag. Geomat. 2021."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_b0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2405","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2018.2873186","article-title":"Digital twin in industry: state-of-the-art","volume":"15","author":"Tao","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_b0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1177\/2399808318816992","article-title":"Beyond digital twins \u2013 a commentary","volume":"46","author":"Tomko","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Plan. B Urban Anal. City Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_b0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-022-00923-7","article-title":"Potential and limitations of digital twins to achieve the Sustain. Dev. Goals","volume":"5","author":"Tzachor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Sustain."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_b0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dss.2021.113524","article-title":"Digital Twin: generalization, characterization and implementation","volume":"145","author":"VanDerHorn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Decis. Support Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_b0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi10030138","article-title":"Near real-time semantic view analysis of 3D city models in web browser","volume":"10","author":"Virtanen","year":"2021","journal-title":"ISPRS Int. J. Geo Inf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_b0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-annals-X-4-W2-2022-281-2022","article-title":"Viability testing of game engine usage for visualization of 3d geospatial data with OGC standards","volume":"X-4\/W2-2022","author":"W\u00fcrstle","year":"2022","journal-title":"ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat Inf. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_b0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2022.104009","article-title":"Study on city digital twin technologies for sustainable smart city design: A review and bibliometric analysis of geographic information system and building information modeling integration","volume":"84","author":"Xia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_b0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5677","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-022-09717-9","article-title":"Digital twin applications in aviation industry: a review","volume":"121","author":"Xiong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_b0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9333","DOI":"10.3390\/app11199333","article-title":"City information modeling: state of the art","volume":"11","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_b0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2020.07.020","article-title":"From LiDAR point cloud towards digital twin city: clustering city objects based on Gestalt principles","volume":"167","author":"Xue","year":"2020","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_b0465","article-title":"The social digital twin: the social turn in the field of smart cities","volume":"239980832211370","author":"Yossef Ravid","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Plan. B Urban Anal. City Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_b0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/frsc.2021.663269","article-title":"Digital twin for accelerating sustainability in positive energy district: a review of simulation tools and applications","volume":"3","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Sustain Cities"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_b0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1007\/s11806-009-0195-z","article-title":"Research and practice in three-dimensional city modeling","volume":"12","author":"Zhu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geo-Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440_b0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2022.104166","article-title":"BIM\/GIS data integration from the perspective of information flow","volume":"136","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1569843223002649?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1569843223002649?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,13]],"date-time":"2024-01-13T16:34:17Z","timestamp":1705163657000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1569843223002649"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"references-count":98,"alternative-id":["S1569843223002649"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440","relation":{},"ISSN":["1569-8432"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1569-8432"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Digital Twins for cities: Analyzing the gap between concepts and current implementations with a specific focus on data integration","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103440","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"103440"}}