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Modern software \u201cecosystems\u201d are complex socio-technical systems which can be represented as a multilayer dynamic network. Many of these libraries and software packages are open-source and developed in the open on sites such as , so there is a large amount of data available about these networks. Studying these networks could be of interest to anyone choosing or designing a programming language. In this work, we use tensor factorisation to explore the dynamics of communities of software, and then compare these dynamics between languages on a dataset of approximately 1 million software projects. We hope to be able to inform the debate on software dependencies that has been recently re-ignited by the malicious takeover of the npm package and other incidents through giving a clearer picture of the structure of software dependency networks, and by exploring how the choices of language designers\u2014for example, in the size of standard libraries, or the standards to which packages are held before admission to a language ecosystem is granted\u2014may have shaped their language ecosystems. We establish that adjusted mutual information is a valid metric by which to assess the number of communities in a tensor decomposition and find that there are striking differences between the communities found across different software ecosystems and that communities do experience large and interpretable changes in activity over time. The differences between the elm and R software ecosystems, which see some communities decline over time, and the more conventional software ecosystems of Python, Java and JavaScript, which do not see many declining communities, are particularly marked.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s41109-019-0193-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,23]],"date-time":"2019-12-23T11:03:07Z","timestamp":1577098987000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Evolution of communities of software: using tensor decompositions to compare software ecosystems"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1324-128X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oliver A.","family":"Blanthorn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Colin M.","family":"Caine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Eva M.","family":"Navarro-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"193_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Araujo, M, Papadimitriou S, Stephan G, Papalexakis EE, Koutra D (2014) Com2 : Fast Automatic Discovery of Temporal (\u2018Comet\u2019) Communities. 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