{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,30]],"date-time":"2024-03-30T00:39:44Z","timestamp":1711759184363},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]],"date-time":"2024-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709251200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]],"date-time":"2024-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709683200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014013","name":"UK Research and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/S02266X\/1"],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014013","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J of Soc Robotics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>Numerous studies have investigated proxemics in the context of human\u2013robot interactions, but little is known about whether these insights can be applied to human\u2013drone interactions (HDI). As drones become more common in social settings, it is crucial to ensure they navigate in a socially acceptable and human-friendly way. Understanding how individuals position themselves around drones is vital to promote user well-being and drones\u2019 social acceptance. However, real-world constraints and risks associated with drones flying in close proximity to participants have limited research in this field. Virtual reality is a promising alternative for investigating HDI, as prior research suggests. This paper presents a proxemic user study (N\u00a0=\u00a045) in virtual reality, examining how drone height and framing influence participants\u2019 proxemic preferences. The study also explores participants\u2019 perceptions of social drones and their vision for the future of flying robots. Our findings show that drone height significantly impacts participants\u2019 preferred interpersonal distance, while framing had no significant effect. Thoughts on how participants envision social drones (e.g., interaction, design, applications) reveal interpersonal differences but also shows overall consistency over time. While the study demonstrates the value of using virtual reality for HDI experiments, further research is necessary to determine the generalizability of our findings to real-world HDI scenarios.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-024-01111-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]],"date-time":"2024-03-06T14:02:04Z","timestamp":1709733724000},"page":"547-567","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Co-existing with Drones: A Virtual Exploration of Proxemic Behaviours and Users\u2019 Insights on Social Drones"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2918-1901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robin","family":"Bretin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Cross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Khamis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"1111_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34:1","DOI":"10.1145\/3130899","volume":"1","author":"P Abtahi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Abtahi P, Zhao DY, Jane LE, Landay JA (2017) Drone near me: exploring touch-based human\u2013drone interaction. Proc ACM on Interact Mobile Wearable Ubiquit Technol 1(3):34:1-34:8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3130899","journal-title":"Proc ACM on Interact Mobile Wearable Ubiquit Technol"},{"key":"1111_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Acharya U, Bevins A, Duncan BA (2017). Investigation of human\u2013robot comfort with a small Unmanned Aerial Vehicle compared to a ground robot. In: 2017 IEEE\/RSJ International conference on intelligent robots and systems (IROS). IEEE, Vancouver, BC, pp 2758\u20132765. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/IROS.2017.8206104","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS.2017.8206104"},{"key":"1111_CR3","unstructured":"Aiello JR (1987). Human Spatial Behavior. 59"},{"key":"1111_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Albeaino G, Gheisari M, Issa RRA (2022) Human\u2013drone interaction (HDI): opportunities and considerations in construction. In: Jebelli H, Habibnezhad M, Shayesteh S, Asadi S, Lee S (eds) Automation and robotics in the architecture, engineering, and construction industry. Springer, Cham, 111\u2013142. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-77163-8_6","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-77163-8_6"},{"issue":"1","key":"1111_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1990.70.1.35","volume":"70","author":"PL Alfano","year":"1990","unstructured":"Alfano PL, Michel GF (1990) Restricting the field of view: perceptual and performance effects. Percept Motor Skills 70(1):35\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2466\/pms.1990.70.1.35","journal-title":"Percept Motor Skills"},{"key":"1111_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alon O, Rabinovich S, Fyodorov C, Cauchard JR (2021). Drones in firefighting: a user-centered design perspective. In: Proceedings of the 23rd international conference on mobile human\u2013computer interaction ( MobileHCI\u201921). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, pp 1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3447526.3472030","DOI":"10.1145\/3447526.3472030"},{"key":"1111_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Auda J, Weigel M, Cauchard JR, Schneegass S (2021) Understanding drone landing on the human body. In: Proceedings of the 23rd international conference on mobile human\u2013computer interaction ( MobileHCI\u201921). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, pp 1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3447526.3472031","DOI":"10.1145\/3447526.3472031"},{"issue":"7","key":"1111_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167203029007002","volume":"29","author":"JN Bailenson","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bailenson JN, Blascovich J, Beall AC, Loomis JM (2003) Interpersonal distance in immersive virtual environments. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 29(7):819\u2013833. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0146167203029007002","journal-title":"Pers Soc Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"2020","key":"1111_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2020.00062","volume":"7","author":"J Banks","year":"2020","unstructured":"Banks J (2020) Optimus primed: media cultivation of robot mental models and social judgments. Front Robot AI 7(2020):62. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frobt.2020.00062","journal-title":"Front Robot AI"},{"issue":"2","key":"1111_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-019-00588-x","volume":"12","author":"J Banks","year":"2020","unstructured":"Banks J (2020) Theory of mind in social robots: replication of five established human tests. Int J Soc Robot 12(2):403\u2013414. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12369-019-00588-x","journal-title":"Int J Soc Robot"},{"issue":"2021","key":"1111_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2021.627233","volume":"8","author":"J Banks","year":"2021","unstructured":"Banks J, Koban K (2021) Framing effects on judgments of social robots\u2019 (im)moral behaviors. Front Robot AI 8(2021):118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frobt.2021.627233","journal-title":"Front Robot AI"},{"key":"1111_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Baytas MA, \u00c7ay D, Zhang Y, Obaid M, Yanta\u00e7 AE, Fjeld M (2019) The design of social drones: a review of studies on autonomous flyers in inhabited environments. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems. ACM, Glasgow Scotland UK, pp 1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3290605.3300480","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300480"},{"issue":"2","key":"1111_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327965PLI1302_01","volume":"13","author":"J Blascovich","year":"2002","unstructured":"Blascovich J, Loomis J, Beall AC, Swinth KR, Hoyt CL, Bailenson JN (2002) TARGET ARTICLE: immersive virtual environment technology as a methodological tool for social psychology. Psychol Inq 13(2):103\u2013124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/S15327965PLI1302_01","journal-title":"Psychol Inq"},{"key":"1111_CR14","unstructured":"Bretin R (2023) Co-existing-with-a-drone-repository. https:\/\/github.com\/RobinBretin\/Co-existing-With-A-Drone"},{"key":"1111_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bretin R, Cross ES., Khamis M (2022) Co-existing with a drone: using virtual reality to investigate the effect of the drone\u2019s height and cover story on proxemic behaviours. In: Extended abstracts of the 2022 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems ( CHI EA\u201922). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, pp 1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3491101.3519750","DOI":"10.1145\/3491101.3519750"},{"key":"1111_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bretin R, Khamis M, Cross E (2023). \u201cDo I Run Away?\u201d: proximity, stress and discomfort in human\u2013drone interaction in real and virtual environments. In: Abdelnour\u00a0Nocera J, L\u00e1rusd\u00f3ttir MK, Petrie H, Piccinno A, Winckler M (eds) Human\u2013computer interaction\u2014INTERACT 2023. (Lecture Notes in Computer Science). Springer, Cham, 525\u2013551. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-42283-6_29","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-42283-6_29"},{"key":"1111_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Busch M, Lorenz M, Tscheligi M, Hochleitner C, Schulz T (2014) Being there for real: presence in real and virtual environments and its relation to usability. In: Proceedings of the 8th nordic conference on human\u2013computer interaction: fun, fast, foundational (NordiCHI\u201914). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, pp 117\u2013126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2639189.2639224","DOI":"10.1145\/2639189.2639224"},{"key":"1111_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Carpinella CM, Wyman AB, Perez MA, Stroessner SJ (2017) The Robotic Social Attributes Scale (RoSAS): Development and Validation. In: Proceedings of the 2017 ACM\/IEEE international conference on human\u2013robot interaction (HRI\u201917). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, pp 254\u2013262. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2909824.3020208","DOI":"10.1145\/2909824.3020208"},{"key":"1111_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/LRA.2021.3103653","volume":"2021","author":"J Cauchard","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cauchard J, Gover W, Chen W, Cartwright S, Sharlin E (2021) Drones in wonderland\u2014disentangling collocated interaction using radical form. IEEE Robot Autom Lett 2021:1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/LRA.2021.3103653","journal-title":"IEEE Robot Autom Lett"},{"key":"1111_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cauchard JR, Jane LE, Zhai KY, Landay JA (2015) Drone & me: an exploration into natural human\u2013drone interaction. In: Proceedings of the 2015 ACM international joint conference on pervasive and ubiquitous computing\u2014UbiComp\u201915. ACM Press, Osaka, Japan, pp 361\u2013365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2750858.2805823","DOI":"10.1145\/2750858.2805823"},{"issue":"1","key":"1111_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4679(198001)36:1<170::aid-jclp2270360119>3.0.co;2-d","volume":"36","author":"BA Cavallin","year":"1980","unstructured":"Cavallin BA, Houston BK (1980) Aggressiveness, maladjustment, body experience and the protective function of personal space. J Clin Psychol 36(1):170\u2013176. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/1097-4679(198001)36:1<170::aid-jclp2270360119>3.0.co;2-d","journal-title":"J Clin Psychol"},{"key":"1111_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chang V, Chundury P, Chetty M (2017) Spiders in the sky: user perceptions of drones, privacy, and security. In: Proceedings of the 2017 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, pp 6765\u20136776. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3025453.3025632","DOI":"10.1145\/3025453.3025632"},{"issue":"1686","key":"1111_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20150075","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2015.0075","volume":"371","author":"ES Cross","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cross ES, Ramsey R, Liepelt R, Prinz W, Hamilton AFC (2016) The shaping of social perception by stimulus and knowledge cues to human animacy. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 371(1686):20150075. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rstb.2015.0075","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"},{"key":"1111_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Darling K (2015) \u2019Who\u2019s Johnny?\u2019 Anthropomorphic Framing in Human-Robot Interaction, Integration, and Policy. SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 2588669. Social Science Research Network, Rochester, NY. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.2588669","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2588669"},{"key":"1111_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dewez D, Fribourg R, Argelaguet F, Hoyet L, Mestre D, Slater MA (2019) Influence of personality traits and body awareness on the sense of embodiment in virtual reality. In: 2019 IEEE international symposium on mixed and augmented reality (ISMAR), pp 123\u2013134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ISMAR.2019.00-12","DOI":"10.1109\/ISMAR.2019.00-12"},{"issue":"2015","key":"1111_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.00026","volume":"6","author":"J Diemer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Diemer J, Alpers GW, Peperkorn HM, Shiban Y, M\u00fchlberger A (2015) The impact of perception and presence on emotional reactions: a review of research in virtual reality. Front Psychol 6(2015):26. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.00026","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"1111_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dole L, Ju W (2019) Face and ecological validity in simulations: lessons from search-and-rescue HRI. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems. ACM, Glasgow Scotland UK, pp 1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3290605.3300681","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300681"},{"issue":"2","key":"1111_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1037\/h0027040","volume":"11","author":"MA Dosey","year":"1969","unstructured":"Dosey MA, Meisels M (1969) Personal space and self-protection. J Pers Soc Psychol 11(2):93\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0027040","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"1111_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Duncan BA, Murphy RR (2013) Comfortable approach distance with small Unmanned Aerial Vehicles. In: 2013 IEEE RO-MAN, pp 786\u2013792. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ROMAN.2013.6628409","DOI":"10.1109\/ROMAN.2013.6628409"},{"key":"1111_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jane LE, Ilene\u00a0LE, Landay JA, Cauchard JR (2017) Drone & Wo: cultural influences on human\u2013drone interaction techniques. In: Proceedings of the 2017 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems (CHI\u201917). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, pp 6794\u20136799. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3025453.3025755","DOI":"10.1145\/3025453.3025755"},{"key":"1111_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2018.08.042","volume":"90","author":"A Edwards","year":"2019","unstructured":"Edwards A, Edwards C, Westerman D, Spence PR (2019) Initial expectations, interactions, and beyond with social robots. Comput Hum Behav 90:308\u2013314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2018.08.042","journal-title":"Comput Hum Behav"},{"key":"1111_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-6265-132-6_5","volume-title":"The future of drone use: opportunities and threats from ethical and legal perspectives","author":"B Engberts","year":"2016","unstructured":"Engberts B, Gillissen E (2016) Policing from above: drone use by the police. In: Bart C (ed) The future of drone use: opportunities and threats from ethical and legal perspectives. T.M.C. Asser Press, The Hague, pp 93\u2013113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-94-6265-132-6_5"},{"issue":"4","key":"1111_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01304.x","volume":"43","author":"RM Entman","year":"1993","unstructured":"Entman RM (1993) Framing: toward clarification of a fractured paradigm. J Commun 43(4):51\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01304.x","journal-title":"J Commun"},{"key":"1111_CR34","unstructured":"Federal\u00a0Aviation Administration (2022) FAA Aerospace Forecast Fiscal Years 2022-2042. Technical Report. https:\/\/www.faa.gov\/sites\/faa.gov\/files\/2022-06\/Unmanned_Aircraft_Systems.pdf"},{"issue":"1","key":"1111_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2-es","DOI":"10.1145\/1227134.1227136","volume":"4","author":"PW Fink","year":"2007","unstructured":"Fink PW, Foo PS, Warren WH (2007) Obstacle avoidance during walking in real and virtual environments. ACM Trans Appl Percept 4(1):2-es. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1227134.1227136","journal-title":"ACM Trans Appl Percept"},{"key":"1111_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fischer K, Soto B, Pantofaru C, Takayama L (2014) Initiating interactions in order to get help: effects of social framing on people\u2019s responses to robots\u2019 requests for assistance. In: The 23rd IEEE international symposium on robot and human interactive communication, pp 999\u20131005. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ROMAN.2014.6926383","DOI":"10.1109\/ROMAN.2014.6926383"},{"issue":"12","key":"1111_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2019.2942290","volume":"52","author":"E Frachtenberg","year":"2019","unstructured":"Frachtenberg E (2019) Practical drone delivery. Computer 52(12):53\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MC.2019.2942290","journal-title":"Computer"},{"issue":"6","key":"1111_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1037\/a0029709","volume":"103","author":"J Galak","year":"2012","unstructured":"Galak J, LeBoeuf RA, Nelson LD, Simmons JP (2012) Correcting the past: failures to replicate Chi. J Pers Soc Psychol 103(6):933\u2013948. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0029709","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"1111_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674179","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.674179","volume":"12","author":"D Gall","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gall D, Roth D, Stauffert J-P, Zarges J, Latoschik ME (2021) Embodiment in virtual reality intensifies emotional responses to virtual stimuli. Front Psychol 12:674179. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.674179","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"1111_CR40","volume-title":"The hidden dimension","author":"ET Hall","year":"1990","unstructured":"Hall ET (1990) The hidden dimension. Anchor Books, New York"},{"issue":"2","key":"1111_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7236\/IJASC.2019.8.2.1","volume":"8","author":"J Han","year":"2019","unstructured":"Han J, Moore D, Bae I (2019) Exploring the social proxemics of human\u2013drone interaction. International Journal Of Advanced Smart Convergence 8(2):1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7236\/IJASC.2019.8.2.1","journal-title":"International Journal Of Advanced Smart Convergence"},{"key":"1111_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Herdel V, Kuzminykh A, Hildebrandt A, Cauchard JR. (2021a). Drone in love: emotional perception of facial expressions on flying robots. In: Proceedings of the 2021 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems. Number 716. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, pp 1\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3411764.3445495","DOI":"10.1145\/3411764.3445495"},{"key":"1111_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Herdel V, Yamin LJ, Ginosar E, Cauchard JR (2021b) Public drone: attitude towards drone capabilities in various contexts. In: Proceedings of the 23rd international conference on mobile human\u2013computer interaction (MobileHCI\u201921). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, pp 1\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3447526.3472053","DOI":"10.1145\/3447526.3472053"},{"issue":"1","key":"1111_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13727","volume":"1426","author":"R Hortensius","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hortensius R, Cross ES (2018) From automata to animate beings: the scope and limits of attributing socialness to artificial agents. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1426(1):93\u2013110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/nyas.13727","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"1111_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvp.2016.01.004","volume":"45","author":"T Iachini","year":"2016","unstructured":"Iachini T, Coello Y, Frassinetti F, Senese VP, Galante F, Ruggiero G (2016) Peripersonal and interpersonal space in virtual and real environments: Effects of gender and age. J Environ Psychol 45:154\u2013164. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jenvp.2016.01.004","journal-title":"J Environ Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1111_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/s10339-018-0897-y","volume":"20","author":"T Iachini","year":"2019","unstructured":"Iachini T, Maffei L, Masullo M, Senese VP, Rapuano M, Pascale A, Sorrentino F, Ruggiero G (2019) The experience of virtual reality: are individual differences in mental imagery associated with sense of presence? Cogn Process 20(3):291\u2013298. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10339-018-0897-y","journal-title":"Cogn Process"},{"key":"1111_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Interrante V, Ries B, Anderson L (2006) Distance perception in immersive virtual environments, revisited. In: IEEE Virtual Reality Conference (VR 2006), pp 3\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/VR.2006.52","DOI":"10.1109\/VR.2006.52"},{"key":"1111_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jensen W, Hansen S, Knoche H (2018) Knowing You. Investigating User Preferences in Drone-Human Acknowledgement, Seeing Me. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3173574.3173939","DOI":"10.1145\/3173574.3173939"},{"key":"1111_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Karjalainen KD, Romell Anna ES, Ratsamee P, Yantac AE, Fjeld M, Obaid M (2017) Social drone companion for the home environment: a user-centric exploration. In: Proceedings of the 5th international conference on human agent interaction (HAI\u201917). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, pp 89\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3125739.3125774","DOI":"10.1145\/3125739.3125774"},{"key":"1111_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Khan MNH, Neustaedter C (2019). An exploratory study of the use of drones for assisting firefighters during emergency situations. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, pp 1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3290605.3300502","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300502"},{"issue":"11","key":"1111_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2503","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00651","volume":"26","author":"A Klapper","year":"2014","unstructured":"Klapper A, Ramsey R, Wigboldus D, Cross ES (2014) The Control of Automatic Imitation Based on Bottom-Up and Top-Down Cues to Animacy: Insights from Brain and Behavior. J Cogn Neurosci 26(11):2503\u20132513. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/jocn_a_00651","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"issue":"20","key":"1111_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1177\/154193129503902006","volume":"39","author":"DR Lampton","year":"1995","unstructured":"Lampton DR, McDonald DP, Singer M, Bliss JP (1995) Distance Estimation in Virtual Environments. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 39(20):1268\u20131272. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/154193129503902006","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting"},{"issue":"5","key":"1111_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.2011.01580.x","volume":"61","author":"S Lecheler","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lecheler S, de Vreese CH (2011) Getting Real: The Duration of Framing Effects. J Commun 61(5):959\u2013983. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1460-2466.2011.01580.x","journal-title":"J Commun"},{"key":"1111_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-021-01715-1","author":"Y-C Lee","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lee Y-C, Yu X, Xiong W (2021) A comparative evaluation of the four measurement methods for comfort and reachability distance perceptions. Behav Res Methods. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13428-021-01715-1","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"key":"1111_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvp.2019.101386","volume":"68","author":"B Leichtmann","year":"2020","unstructured":"Leichtmann B, Nitsch V (2020) How much distance do humans keep toward robots? Literature review, meta-analysis, and theoretical considerations on personal space in human-robot interaction. J Environ Psychol 68:101386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jenvp.2019.101386","journal-title":"J Environ Psychol"},{"key":"1111_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li R, van Almkerk M, van Waveren S, Carter E, Leite I (2019). Comparing human-robot proxemics between virtual reality and the real world. In: Proceedings of the 14th ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI\u201919). IEEE Press, Daegu, Republic of Korea, pp 431\u2013439","DOI":"10.1109\/HRI.2019.8673116"},{"issue":"5","key":"1111_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1080\/15623599.2018.1452101","volume":"19","author":"Y Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li Y, Liu C (2019) Applications of multirotor drone technologies in construction management. Int J Constr Manag 19(5):401\u2013412. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15623599.2018.1452101","journal-title":"Int J Constr Manag"},{"key":"1111_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lieser M, Schwanecke U, Berdux J (2021a) Evaluating distances in tactile human\u2013drone interaction. In: 2021 30th IEEE international conference on robot human interactive communication (RO-MAN), pp 1275\u20131282. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/RO-MAN50785.2021.9515313","DOI":"10.1109\/RO-MAN50785.2021.9515313"},{"key":"1111_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lieser M, Schwanecke U, Berdux J (2021b) Tactile human-quadrotor interaction: MetroDrone. In: Proceedings of the fifteenth international conference on tangible, embedded, and embodied interaction (TEI\u201921). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, pp 1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3430524.3440649","DOI":"10.1145\/3430524.3440649"},{"key":"1111_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lucero A (2015). Using affinity diagrams to evaluate interactive prototypes","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-22668-2_19"},{"issue":"2013","key":"1111_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00083","volume":"7","author":"A Maselli","year":"2013","unstructured":"Maselli A, Slater M (2013) The building blocks of the full body ownership illusion. Front Hum Neurosci 7(2013):83. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00083","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"1111_CR62","unstructured":"Florian M [n.d.] Remote XR Studies: The Golden Future of HCI Research? ([n.\u00a0d.]), 3"},{"key":"1111_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mathis F, Vaniea K, Khamis M (2021) RepliCueAuth: validating the use of a lab-based virtual reality setup for evaluating authentication systems. In: Proceedings of the 2021 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems, vol 534. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, pp 1\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3411764.3445478","DOI":"10.1145\/3411764.3445478"},{"issue":"3","key":"1111_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1145\/1077399.1077403","volume":"2","author":"R Messing","year":"2005","unstructured":"Messing R, Durgin FH (2005) Distance perception and the visual horizon in head-mounted displays. ACM Trans Appl Percept 2(3):234\u2013250. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1077399.1077403","journal-title":"ACM Trans Appl Percept"},{"key":"1111_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mumm J, Mutlu B (2011) Human\u2013robot proxemics: Physical and psychological distancing in human-robot interaction. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1957656.1957786 Journal Abbreviation: HRI 2011 - Proceedings of the 6th ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction Pages: 338 Publication Title: HRI 2011 - Proceedings of the 6th ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction","DOI":"10.1145\/1957656.1957786"},{"key":"1111_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Norouzi N, Gottsacker M, Bruder G, Wisniewski PJ, Bailenson J, Welch G (2022) Virtual humans with pets and robots: exploring the influence of social priming on On\u2019s perception of a virtual human. In: 2022 IEEE conference on virtual reality and 3d user interfaces (VR), pp 311\u2013320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/VR51125.2022.00050","DOI":"10.1109\/VR51125.2022.00050"},{"key":"1111_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Paljic A (2017) Ecological validity of virtual reality: three use cases. 301\u2013310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-70742-6_28","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-70742-6_28"},{"issue":"3","key":"1111_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.83.3.235","volume":"83","author":"ML Patterson","year":"1976","unstructured":"Patterson ML (1976) An arousal model of interpersonal intimacy. Psychol Rev 83(3):235\u2013245. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-295X.83.3.235","journal-title":"Psychol Rev"},{"key":"1111_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rueben M, Bernieri FJ, Grimm CM, Smart WD (2017) Framing effects on privacy concerns about a home telepresence robot. In: Proceedings of the 2017 ACM\/IEEE international conference on human\u2013robot interaction. ACM, Vienna Austria, pp 435\u2013444. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2909824.3020218","DOI":"10.1145\/2909824.3020218"},{"key":"1111_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-9482-3_2","volume-title":"Virtual reality for psychological and neurocognitive interventions","author":"WS Ryan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ryan WS, Cornick J, Blascovich J, Bailenson JN (2019) Virtual reality: whence, how and what for. In: Albert Skip R, St\u00e9phane B (eds) Virtual reality for psychological and neurocognitive interventions. Springer, New York, pp 15\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4939-9482-3_2"},{"key":"1111_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sadka O, Giron J, Friedman D, Zuckerman O, Erel H (2020) Virtual-reality as a simulation tool for non-humanoid social robots. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2020 CHI Conference on human factors in computing systems (CHI EA\u201920). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, pp 1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3334480.3382893","DOI":"10.1145\/3334480.3382893"},{"issue":"1","key":"1111_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.1999.tb02784.x","volume":"49","author":"DA Scheufele","year":"1999","unstructured":"Scheufele DA (1999) Framing as a Theory of Media Effects. J Commun 49(1):103\u2013122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1460-2466.1999.tb02784.x","journal-title":"J Commun"},{"issue":"3","key":"1111_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1162\/105474601300343603","volume":"10","author":"T Schubert","year":"2001","unstructured":"Schubert T, Friedmann F, Regenbrecht H (2001) The experience of presence: factor analytic insights. Presence Teleop Virt 10(3):266\u2013281. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/105474601300343603","journal-title":"Presence Teleop Virt"},{"issue":"3","key":"1111_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-017-0305-4","volume":"21","author":"A Smolentsev","year":"2017","unstructured":"Smolentsev A, Cornick JE, Blascovich J (2017) Using a preamble to increase presence in digital virtual environments. Virtual Reality 21(3):153\u2013164. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10055-017-0305-4","journal-title":"Virtual Reality"},{"key":"1111_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wojciechowska A, Frey J, Sass S, Shafir R, Cauchard JR (2019) Collocated human\u2013drone interaction: methodology and approach strategy. In: 2019 14th ACM\/IEEE international conference on human\u2013robot interaction (HRI), pp 172\u2013181. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/HRI.2019.8673127","DOI":"10.1109\/HRI.2019.8673127"},{"key":"1111_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yeh A, Ratsamee P, Kiyokawa K, Uranishi Y, Mashita T, Takemura H, Fjeld M, Obaid M (2017) Exploring proxemics for human-drone interaction. In: Proceedings of the 5th international conference on human agent interaction (HAI\u201917). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, pp 81\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3125739.3125773","DOI":"10.1145\/3125739.3125773"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Social Robotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12369-024-01111-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12369-024-01111-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12369-024-01111-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,29]],"date-time":"2024-03-29T12:18:38Z","timestamp":1711714718000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12369-024-01111-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["1111"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12369-024-01111-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1875-4791","1875-4805"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1875-4791","type":"print"},{"value":"1875-4805","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 January 2024","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 March 2024","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All authors certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest or non-financial interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This study adheres to the British Psychological Society ethical guidelines and has been approved by the College of Science and Engineering ethics committee of The University of Glasgow (ref: [300210015]). Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. The authors affirm that human participants provided informed consent for publication.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval and Consent"}}]}}