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Program."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>This article investigates smallest branch-and-bound trees and their computation. We first revisit the notion of hiding sets to deduce lower bounds on the size of branch-and-bound trees for certain binary programs, using both variable disjunctions and general disjunctions. We then provide exponential lower bounds for variable disjunctions by a disjoint composition of smaller binary programs. Moreover, we investigate the complexity of finding small branch-and-bound trees using variable disjunctions: We show that it is not possible to approximate the size of a smallest branch-and-bound tree within a factor of\u00a0$$\\smash {2^{\\frac{1}{5}n}}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n 2<\/mml:mn>\n \n \n 1<\/mml:mn>\n 5<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:mfrac>\n n<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msup>\n <\/mml:mpadded>\n <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula> in time\u00a0$$O(2^{\\delta n})$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n O<\/mml:mi>\n (<\/mml:mo>\n \n 2<\/mml:mn>\n \n \u03b4<\/mml:mi>\n n<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msup>\n )<\/mml:mo>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula> with $$\\delta <\\tfrac{1}{5}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \u03b4<\/mml:mi>\n <<\/mml:mo>\n \n \n 1<\/mml:mn>\n 5<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:mfrac>\n <\/mml:mstyle>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula>, unless the strong exponential time hypothesis fails. Similarly, for any\u00a0$$\\varepsilon > 0$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \u03b5<\/mml:mi>\n ><\/mml:mo>\n 0<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula>, no polynomial time $$\\smash {2^{(\\frac{1}{2} - \\varepsilon )n}}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n 2<\/mml:mn>\n \n (<\/mml:mo>\n \n 1<\/mml:mn>\n 2<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:mfrac>\n -<\/mml:mo>\n \u03b5<\/mml:mi>\n )<\/mml:mo>\n n<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msup>\n <\/mml:mpadded>\n <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula>-approximation is possible, unless\u00a0$$\\text {P} = \\text {NP} $$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n P<\/mml:mtext>\n =<\/mml:mo>\n NP<\/mml:mtext>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula>. We also show that computing the size of a smallest branch-and-bound tree exactly is\u00a0$${\\#P} $$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n #<\/mml:mo>\n P<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula>-hard. Similar results hold for estimating the size of the tree produced by branching rules like most-infeasible branching. Finally, we discuss that finding small branch-and-bound trees generalizes finding short treelike resolution refutations, and thus non-automatizability results transfer from this setting.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10107-023-01968-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,13]],"date-time":"2023-05-13T09:02:38Z","timestamp":1683968558000},"page":"145-173","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["On computing small variable disjunction branch-and-bound trees"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"206","author":[{"given":"Max","family":"Gl\u00e4ser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0947-7193","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc E.","family":"Pfetsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"1968_CR1","unstructured":"Achterberg, T.: Constraint integer programming. 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