{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]],"date-time":"2025-03-24T08:39:39Z","timestamp":1742805579347},"reference-count":165,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,3]],"date-time":"2021-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627948800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,3]],"date-time":"2021-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Virtual Reality"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-021-00563-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,3]],"date-time":"2021-08-03T04:02:47Z","timestamp":1627963367000},"page":"697-735","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":101,"title":["Could virtual reality applications pose real risks to children and adolescents? A systematic review of ethical issues and concerns"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Polyxeni","family":"Kaimara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Oikonomou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ioannis","family":"Deliyannis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"563_CR1","volume-title":"Serious games","author":"CC Abt","year":"1975","unstructured":"Abt CC (1975) Serious games. Viking Compass, New York"},{"key":"563_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adjorlu A, Hoeg ER, Mangano L, Serafin S (2017) Daily living skills training in virtual reality to help children with autism spectrum disorder in a real shopping scenario. In: 2017 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality (ISMAR-Adjunct). IEEE, Nantes, pp 294\u2013302","DOI":"10.1109\/ISMAR-Adjunct.2017.93"},{"key":"563_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Adjorlu A, Serafin S (2019) Head-Mounted Display-Based Virtual Reality as a Tool to Teach Money Skills to Adolescents Diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder. In: Brooks A, Brooks E, Sylla C (eds) Interactivity, game creation, design, learning, and innovation. ArtsIT 2018, DLI 2018. Lecture notes of the institute for computer sciences, social informatics and telecommunications engineering, vol 265. Springer, Cham. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-06134-0_48","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-06134-0_48"},{"key":"563_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-53294-9_57","volume-title":"Interactivity, game creation, design, learning, and innovation: 8th EAI international conference, ArtsIT 2019, and 4th EAI international conference, DLI 2019, proceedings","author":"A Adjorlu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Adjorlu A, Serafin S (2020) Head-mounted display-based virtual reality as a tool to reduce disruptive behavior in a student diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. In: Brooks A, Brooks EI (eds) Interactivity, game creation, design, learning, and innovation: 8th EAI international conference, ArtsIT 2019, and 4th EAI international conference, DLI 2019, proceedings. Springer, Cham, pp 739\u2013748"},{"key":"563_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2018.12.008","volume":"93","author":"K Alha","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alha K, Koskinen E, Paavilainen J, Hamari J (2019) Why do people play location-based augmented reality games: a study on Pok\u00e9mon GO. Comput Human Behav 93:114\u2013122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2018.12.008","journal-title":"Comput Human Behav"},{"key":"563_CR7","unstructured":"American Academy of Ophthalmology (2018) Is too much screen time harming children\u2019s vision? The American Academy of Ophthalmology helps parents separate the facts from fiction. https:\/\/www.aao.org\/newsroom\/news-releases\/detail\/is-too-much-screen-time-harming-childrens-vision"},{"key":"563_CR8","unstructured":"American Academy of Ophthalmology (2020) Ophthalmologists anticipate a school year marked by complaints of eye strain. https:\/\/www.aao.org\/newsroom\/news-releases\/detail\/ophthalmologists-anticipate-eye-strain-complaints"},{"key":"563_CR2","unstructured":"American Academy of Pediatrics (2016a) Cell phone radiation & children\u2019s health: what parents need to know. https:\/\/www.healthychildren.org\/English\/safety-prevention\/all-around\/Pages\/Cell-Phone-Radiation-Childrens-Health.aspx"},{"key":"563_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-2591","volume":"138","author":"American Academy of Pediatrics","year":"2016","unstructured":"American Academy of Pediatrics (2016b) Media and young minds. Pediatrics 138:e20162591. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2016-2591","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"563_CR10","unstructured":"American Academy of Pediatrics (2019) Family media plan. https:\/\/www.healthychildren.org\/English\/media\/Pages\/default.aspx"},{"key":"563_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) - Fifth Edition. American Psychiatric Association, Arlington, VA","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"563_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1097\/XEB.0000000000000055","volume":"13","author":"E Aromataris","year":"2015","unstructured":"Aromataris E, Fernandez R, Godfrey CM, Holly C, Khalil H, Tungpunkom P (2015) Summarizing systematic reviews. Int J Evid Based Healthc 13:132\u2013140. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/XEB.0000000000000055","journal-title":"Int J Evid Based Healthc"},{"key":"563_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.5014\/ajot.34.6.375","volume":"34","author":"AJ Ayres","year":"1980","unstructured":"Ayres AJ, Tickle LS (1980) Hyper-responsivity to touch and vestibular stimuli as a predictor of positive response to sensory integration procedures by autistic children. Am J Occup Ther 34:375\u2013381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5014\/ajot.34.6.375","journal-title":"Am J Occup Ther"},{"key":"563_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bailey JO, Bailenson JN (2017) Immersive virtual reality and the developing child. In: Blumberg FC, Brooks PJ (eds) Cognitive Development in Digital Contexts. Elsevier, pp 181\u2013200","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-809481-5.00009-2"},{"key":"563_CR01","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Behr K-M, Nosper A, Klimmt C, Hartmann T (2005) Some practical considerations of ethical issues in VR research. Presence: Teleoperators Virtual Environ 14:668\u2013676. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/105474605775196535","DOI":"10.1162\/105474605775196535"},{"key":"563_CR15","first-page":"216","volume":"6","author":"M Bello Aliyu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bello Aliyu M (2017) Efficiency of boolean search strings for information retrieval. Am J Eng Res 6:216\u2013222","journal-title":"Am J Eng Res"},{"key":"563_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bennett CR, Bailin ES, Gottlieb TK, Bauer CM, Bex PJ, Merabet LB (2018) Assessing visual search performance in ocular compared to cerebral visual impairment using a virtual reality simulation of human dynamic movement. In: Proceedings of the Technology, Mind, and Society (TechMindSociety \u201918). ACM Press, New York, pp 1\u20136","DOI":"10.1145\/3183654.3183674"},{"key":"563_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-016-1769-3","volume":"18","author":"F Blume","year":"2017","unstructured":"Blume F, Hudak J, Dresler T, Ehlis A-C, K\u00fchnhausen J, Renner TJ, Gawrilow C (2017) NIRS-based neurofeedback training in a virtual reality classroom for children with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 18:41. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13063-016-1769-3","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"563_CR18","unstructured":"Boyd K (2020) Computers, digital devices, and eye strain. https:\/\/www.aao.org\/eye-health\/tips-prevention\/computer-usage"},{"key":"563_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2015.11.003","volume":"94","author":"EA Boyle","year":"2016","unstructured":"Boyle EA, Hainey T, Connolly TM, Gray G, Earp J, Ott M, Lim T, Ninaus M, Ribeiro C, Pereira J (2016) An update to the systematic literature review of empirical evidence of the impacts and outcomes of computer games and serious games. Comput Educ 94:178\u2013192. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2015.11.003","journal-title":"Comput Educ"},{"key":"563_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2006.07.009","volume":"80","author":"P Brereton","year":"2007","unstructured":"Brereton P, Kitchenham BA, Budgen D, Turner M, Khalil M (2007) Lessons from applying the systematic literature review process within the software engineering domain. J Syst Softw 80:571\u2013583. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jss.2006.07.009","journal-title":"J Syst Softw"},{"key":"563_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bruck S, Watters P (2009) Cybersickness and Anxiety During Simulated Motion: Implications for VRET. Stud Health Technol Inform 144:169\u2013173. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/978-1-60750-017-9-169","DOI":"10.3233\/978-1-60750-017-9-169"},{"key":"563_CR22","volume-title":"Virtual reality technology, 2nd edition","author":"GC Burdea","year":"2003","unstructured":"Burdea GC, Coiffet P (2003) Virtual reality technology, 2nd edition. Wiley, New Jersey"},{"key":"563_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1002\/cad.20031","volume":"2013","author":"SL Calvert","year":"2013","unstructured":"Calvert SL, Staiano AE, Bond BJ (2013) Electronic gaming and the obesity crisis. New Dir Child Adolesc Dev 2013:51\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cad.20031","journal-title":"New Dir Child Adolesc Dev"},{"key":"563_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-017-0916-0","volume":"19","author":"FP Cappuccio","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cappuccio FP, Miller MA (2017) Sleep and cardio-metabolic disease. Curr Cardiol Rep 19:110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11886-017-0916-0","journal-title":"Curr Cardiol Rep"},{"key":"563_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.6.2017.010","volume":"6","author":"X Carbonell","year":"2017","unstructured":"Carbonell X (2017) From Pong to Pokemon Go, catching the essence of the internet gaming disorder diagnosis. J Behav Addict 6:124\u2013127. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/2006.6.2017.010","journal-title":"J Behav Addict"},{"key":"563_CR26","unstructured":"Carter B (2012) Virtual harlem: an innovative past, an evolving present and an exciting future. In: Gardner M, Garnier F, Delgado Kloos C (eds) Proceedings of the 2nd European immersive initiative summit. Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Paris, France, pp 24\u201337"},{"key":"563_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.12790","volume":"51","author":"S Chang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chang S, Hsu T, Kuo W, Jong MS (2020) Effects of applying a VR-based two-tier test strategy to promote elementary students\u2019 learning performance in a geology class. Br J Educ Technol 51:148\u2013165. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjet.12790","journal-title":"Br J Educ Technol"},{"key":"563_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4212\/cjhp.v68i2.1440","author":"TL Charrois","year":"2015","unstructured":"Charrois TL (2015) Systematic reviews: what do you need to know to get started? Can J Hosp Pharm. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4212\/cjhp.v68i2.1440","journal-title":"Can J Hosp Pharm"},{"key":"563_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5501","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-019-08348-9","volume":"79","author":"D Checa","year":"2020","unstructured":"Checa D, Bustillo A (2020) A review of immersive virtual reality serious games to enhance learning and training. Multimed Tools Appl 79:5501\u20135527. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11042-019-08348-9","journal-title":"Multimed Tools Appl"},{"key":"563_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1089\/cpb.2004.7.519","volume":"7","author":"B-H Cho","year":"2004","unstructured":"Cho B-H, Kim S, Shin DI, Lee JH, Min Lee S, Young Kim I, Kim SI (2004) Neurofeedback training with virtual reality for inattention and impulsiveness. CyberPsychology Behav 7:519\u2013526. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/cpb.2004.7.519","journal-title":"CyberPsychology Behav"},{"key":"563_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470592663.ch8","volume-title":"Handbook of improving performance in the workplace: volumes 1\u20133","author":"RE Clark","year":"2010","unstructured":"Clark RE, Yates K, Early S, Moulton K (2010) An analysis of the failure of electronic media and discovery-based learning. In: Silber KH, Foshay WR, Watkins R, Leigh D, Moseley JL, Dessinger JC (eds) Handbook of improving performance in the workplace: volumes 1\u20133. Wiley, Hoboken, pp 263\u2013297"},{"key":"563_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00133","volume":"8","author":"EC Connors","year":"2014","unstructured":"Connors EC, Chrastil ER, S\u00e1nchez J, Merabet LB (2014) Action video game play and transfer of navigation and spatial cognition skills in adolescents who are blind. Front Hum Neurosci 8:133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00133","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"563_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8535.2009.01038.x","volume":"41","author":"B Dalgarno","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dalgarno B, Lee MJW (2010) What are the learning affordances of 3-D virtual environments? Br J Educ Technol 41:10\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-8535.2009.01038.x","journal-title":"Br J Educ Technol"},{"key":"563_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.5014\/ajot.61.2.176","volume":"61","author":"PL Davies","year":"2007","unstructured":"Davies PL, Gavin WJ (2007) Validating the diagnosis of sensory processing disorders using EEG technology. Am J Occup Ther 61:176\u2013189. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5014\/ajot.61.2.176","journal-title":"Am J Occup Ther"},{"key":"563_CR35","first-page":"74","volume":"21","author":"S de Freitas","year":"2018","unstructured":"de Freitas S (2018) Are games effective learning tools? A review of educational games. Educ Technol Soc 21:74\u201384","journal-title":"Educ Technol Soc"},{"key":"563_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4471-2161-9_2","volume-title":"Serious games and edutainment applications","author":"S de Freitas","year":"2011","unstructured":"de Freitas S, Liarokapis F (2011) Serious games: a new paradigm for education? In: Ma M, Oikonomou A, Jain L (eds) Serious games and edutainment applications. Springer, London, pp 9\u201323"},{"key":"563_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40617-019-00401-1","author":"DR Dixon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dixon DR, Miyake CJ, Nohelty K, Novack MN, Granpeesheh D (2019) Evaluation of an immersive virtual reality safety training used to teach pedestrian skills to children with autism spectrum disorder. Behav Anal Pract. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40617-019-00401-1","journal-title":"Behav Anal Pract"},{"key":"563_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.02132","author":"N Du\u017cma\u0144ska","year":"2018","unstructured":"Du\u017cma\u0144ska N, Strojny P, Strojny A (2018) Can simulator sickness be avoided? A review on temporal aspects of simulator sickness. Front Psychol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.02132","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"563_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2018.09.020","volume":"91","author":"S Erhel","year":"2019","unstructured":"Erhel S, Jamet E (2019) Improving instructions in educational computer games: exploring the relations between goal specificity, flow experience and learning outcomes. Comput Human Behav 91:106\u2013114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2018.09.020","journal-title":"Comput Human Behav"},{"key":"563_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.05.013","volume":"167","author":"C Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez C, de Salles AA, Sears ME, Morris RD, Davis DL (2018) Absorption of wireless radiation in the child versus adult brain and eye from cell phone conversation or virtual reality. Environ Res 167:694\u2013699. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2018.05.013","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"563_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12016","volume":"108","author":"R Festl","year":"2013","unstructured":"Festl R, Scharkow M, Quandt T (2013) Problematic computer game use among adolescents, younger and older adults. Addiction 108:592\u2013599. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/add.12016","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"563_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10758-019-09409-6","volume":"25","author":"E Fokides","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fokides E, Chachlaki F (2020) 3D Multiuser virtual environments and environmental education: the virtual island of the mediterranean monk seal. Technol Knowl Learn 25:1\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10758-019-09409-6","journal-title":"Technol Knowl Learn"},{"key":"563_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fokides E (2020) Digital educational games in primary education. In: Daniela L (ed) Epistemological approaches to digital learning in educational contexts. Routledge, pp 54\u201368","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429319501-4"},{"key":"563_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.12135","author":"C Fowler","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fowler C (2015) Virtual reality and learning: where is the pedagogy? Br J Educ Technol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjet.12135","journal-title":"Br J Educ Technol"},{"key":"563_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freina L, Ott M (2015) A literature review on immersive virtual reality in education: state of the art and perspectives. In: Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference eLearning and Software for Education (eLSE), April 23\u201324, 2015. \u2018Carol I\u2019 National Defence University, Bucharest, Romania, pp 133\u2013141","DOI":"10.12753\/2066-026X-15-020"},{"key":"563_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2333794X17736972","author":"C Fuller","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fuller C, Lehman E, Hicks S, Novick MB (2017) Bedtime use of technology and associated sleep problems in children. Glob Pediatr Heal. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2333794X17736972","journal-title":"Glob Pediatr Heal"},{"key":"563_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gee JP (2008) Learning and games. In: Salen K (ed) The ecology of games: Connecting youth, games, and learning, pp 21\u201340. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/dmal.9780262693646.021","DOI":"10.1162\/dmal.9780262693646.021"},{"key":"563_CR48","unstructured":"Gent E (2016) Are virtual reality headsets safe for children? A lack of data and guidelines is leaving consumers in the dark about virtual reality\u2019s potential negative side effects for kids. Sci Am. https:\/\/www.scientificamerican.com\/article\/are-virtual-reality-headsets-safe-for-children\/"},{"key":"563_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2018-0281","volume":"44","author":"BJF Gheller","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gheller BJF, Totosy de Zepetnek JO, Welch JM, Rossiter MD, Luhovyy B, Brett NR, Bellissimo N (2019) Effect of video game playing and a glucose preload on subjective appetite, subjective emotions, and food intake in overweight and obese boys. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 44:248\u2013254. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1139\/apnm-2018-0281","journal-title":"Appl Physiol Nutr Metab"},{"key":"563_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2729.2012.00489.x","volume":"29","author":"C Girard","year":"2013","unstructured":"Girard C, Ecalle J, Magnan A (2013) Serious games as new educational tools: How effective are they? A meta-analysis of recent studies. J Comput Assist Learn 29:207\u2013219. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2729.2012.00489.x","journal-title":"J Comput Assist Learn"},{"key":"563_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2015.08.052","volume":"55","author":"CS Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez CS, G\u00f3mez N, Navarro V, Cair\u00f3s M, Quirce C, Toledo P, Marrero-Gordillo N (2016) Learning healthy lifestyles through active videogames, motor games and the gamification of educational activities. Comput Human Behav 55:529\u2013551. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2015.08.052","journal-title":"Comput Human Behav"},{"key":"563_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1787\/8296464e-en","volume":"195","author":"F Gottschalk","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gottschalk F (2019) Impacts of technology use on children: exploring literature on the brain, cognition and well-being. OECD Educ Work Pap 195:45. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1787\/8296464e-en","journal-title":"OECD Educ Work Pap"},{"key":"563_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1037\/a0034857","volume":"69","author":"I Granic","year":"2014","unstructured":"Granic I, Lobel A, Engels RCME (2014) The benefits of playing video games. Am Psychol 69:66\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0034857","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"key":"563_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Greuter S, Woodcock R, Torre L, Douglass A, Sampson G, Chong L, Armitage J, Backhouse S (2020) AmblyopiaVR: immersive game-based virtual reality system for the treatment of amblyopia. In: Proceedings of Australasian computer science week (ACSW 2020). ACM, New York, pp 1\u20135","DOI":"10.1145\/3373017.3373070"},{"key":"563_CR55","first-page":"93","volume":"3","author":"GA Gunter","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gunter GA, Kenny RF, Vick EH (2006) A case for a formal design paradigm for serious games. J Int Digit Media Arts Assoc 3:93\u2013105","journal-title":"J Int Digit Media Arts Assoc"},{"key":"563_CR56","unstructured":"Heilig LM (1960) Stereoscopic-television apparatus for individual use. https:\/\/patentimages.storage.googleapis.com\/81\/df\/f1\/f6cc2106f8c7ab\/US2955156.pdf"},{"key":"563_CR57","unstructured":"Heilig LM (1962) Sensorama stimulator. https:\/\/patentimages.storage.googleapis.com\/90\/34\/2f\/24615bb97ad68e\/US3050870.pdf"},{"key":"563_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195104264.001.0001","volume-title":"Virtual realism","author":"M Heim","year":"1998","unstructured":"Heim M (1998) Virtual realism. Oxford University Press, New York"},{"key":"563_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2019.1582805","volume":"62","author":"M Hirota","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hirota M, Kanda H, Endo T, Miyoshi T, Miyagawa S, Hirohara Y, Yamaguchi T, Saika M, Morimoto T, Fujikado T (2019) Comparison of visual fatigue caused by head-mounted display for virtual reality and two-dimensional display using objective and subjective evaluation. Ergonomics 62:759\u2013766. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00140139.2019.1582805","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"563_CR60","unstructured":"HTC (2019) Health and safety guide. Vive legal documents. https:\/\/www.htc.com\/us\/terms\/vive\/"},{"key":"563_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ijsselsteijn WA (2005) History of telepresence. In: Sikora O, Peter S, Thomas K (eds) 3D videocommunication: algorithms, concepts and real-time systems in human centred communication. Wiley, Chichester, pp 5\u201321","DOI":"10.1002\/0470022736.ch1"},{"key":"563_CR62","first-page":"31","volume":"16","author":"S Jeong","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jeong S, Shin WS, Park I (2015) Students\u2019 use of notebook computers in the college classroom: benefits and pitfalls. Educ Technol Int 16:31\u201357","journal-title":"Educ Technol Int"},{"key":"563_CR02","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kade D (2015) Ethics of virtual reality applications in computer game production. Philosophies 1:73\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/philosophies1010073","DOI":"10.3390\/philosophies1010073"},{"key":"563_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-01551-0_6","volume-title":"Didactics of smart pedagogy","author":"P Kaimara","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kaimara P, Deliyannis I (2019) Why should i play this game? The role of motivation in smart pedagogy. In: Daniela L (ed) Didactics of smart pedagogy. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 113\u2013137"},{"key":"563_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.12681\/dial.20704","volume":"5","author":"P Kaimara","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kaimara P, Fokides E, Oikonomou A, Atsikpasi P, Deliyannis I (2019a) Evaluating 2D and 3D serious games: the significance of student-player characteristics. Dialogoi! Theory Prax Educ 5:36\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12681\/dial.20704","journal-title":"Dialogoi! Theory Prax Educ"},{"key":"563_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24018\/ejers.2019.0.CIE.1288","author":"P Kaimara","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kaimara P, Poulimenou S-M, Oikonomou A, Deliyannis I, Plerou A (2019b) Smartphones at schools? Yes, why not? Eur J Eng Res Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24018\/ejers.2019.0.CIE.1288","journal-title":"Eur J Eng Res Sci"},{"key":"563_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.4018\/IJSEUS.2020010106","volume":"11","author":"P Kaimara","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kaimara P, Fokides E, Plerou A, Atsikpasi P, Deliyannis I (2020a) Serious games effect analysis on player\u2019s characteristics. Int J Smart Educ Urban Soc 11:75\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4018\/IJSEUS.2020010106","journal-title":"Int J Smart Educ Urban Soc"},{"key":"563_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-32622-7_25","volume-title":"GeNeDis 2018. Advances in experimental medicine and biology","author":"P Kaimara","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kaimara P, Plerou A, Deliyannis I (2020b) Cognitive enhancement and brain-computer interfaces: potential boundaries and risks. In: Vlamos P (ed) GeNeDis 2018. Advances in experimental medicine and biology. Springer, Cham, pp 275\u2013283"},{"key":"563_CR68","unstructured":"Kardefelt-Winther D (2017) How does the time children spend using digital technology impact their mental well-being, social relationships and physical activity? An evidence-confused literature review. Innocenti Discussion Paper 2017-02, UNICEF Office of Research \u2013 Innocenti, Florence"},{"key":"563_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2016.4224","volume":"134","author":"KR Kelly","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kelly KR, Jost RM, Dao L, Beauchamp CL, Leffler JN, Birch EE (2016) Binocular iPad game vs patching for treatment of amblyopia in children. JAMA Ophthalmol 134:1402. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2016.4224","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"563_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2016.11.015","volume":"182","author":"EL Kenney","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kenney EL, Gortmaker SL (2017) United States adolescents\u2019 television, computer, videogame, smartphone, and tablet use: associations with sugary drinks, sleep, physical activity, and obesity. J Pediatr 182:144\u2013149. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpeds.2016.11.015","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"563_CR71","first-page":"259","volume":"22","author":"R Kenny","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kenny R, Gunter G (2011) Factors affecting adoption of video games in the classroom. J Interact Learn Res 22:259\u2013276","journal-title":"J Interact Learn Res"},{"key":"563_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1109\/MTS.2018.2876104","volume":"37","author":"B Kenwright","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kenwright B (2018) Virtual reality: ethical challenges and dangers [opinion]. IEEE Technol Soc Mag 37:20\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MTS.2018.2876104","journal-title":"IEEE Technol Soc Mag"},{"key":"563_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45996","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2977688","volume":"8","author":"S Kim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kim S, Ryu J, Choi Y, Kang Y, Li H, Kim K (2020) Eye-contact game using mixed reality for the treatment of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. IEEE Access 8:45996\u201346006. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2977688","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"563_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.2020.00016","volume":"9","author":"DL King","year":"2020","unstructured":"King DL, Delfabbro PH, Billieux J, Potenza MN (2020) Problematic online gaming and the COVID-19 pandemic. J Behav Addict 9:184\u2013186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/2006.2020.00016","journal-title":"J Behav Addict"},{"key":"563_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1177\/1046878116632871","volume":"47","author":"MC Koops","year":"2016","unstructured":"Koops MC, Verheul I, Tiesma R, de Boer C-W, Koeweiden RT (2016) Learning differences between 3D vs. 2D entertainment and educational games. Simul Gaming 47:159\u2013178. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1046878116632871","journal-title":"Simul Gaming"},{"key":"563_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.04.354","volume":"682","author":"TM Koutsos","year":"2019","unstructured":"Koutsos TM, Menexes GC, Dordas CA (2019) An efficient framework for conducting systematic literature reviews in agricultural sciences. Sci Total Environ 682:106\u2013117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.04.354","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"563_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1912","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2015.2473855","volume":"22","author":"G Kramida","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kramida G (2016) Resolving the vergence-accommodation conflict in head-mounted displays. IEEE Trans vis Comput Graph 22:1912\u20131931. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TVCG.2015.2473855","journal-title":"IEEE Trans vis Comput Graph"},{"key":"563_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.5.2016.062","volume":"6","author":"DJ Kuss","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kuss DJ, Griffiths MD, Pontes HM (2017) Chaos and confusion in DSM-5 diagnosis of internet gaming disorder: issues, concerns, and recommendations for clarity in the field. J Behav Addict 6:103\u2013109. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/2006.5.2016.062","journal-title":"J Behav Addict"},{"key":"563_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2017.10.040","volume":"80","author":"RL Lamb","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lamb RL, Annetta L, Firestone J, Etopio E (2018) A meta-analysis with examination of moderators of student cognition, affect, and learning outcomes while using serious educational games, serious games, and simulations. Comput Human Behav 80:158\u2013167. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2017.10.040","journal-title":"Comput Human Behav"},{"key":"563_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.1992.tb00816.x","volume":"42","author":"J Lanier","year":"1992","unstructured":"Lanier J, Biocca F (1992) An insider\u2019s view of the future of virtual reality. J Commun 42:150\u2013172. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1460-2466.1992.tb00816.x","journal-title":"J Commun"},{"key":"563_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1145\/333329.333344","volume":"32","author":"JJ LaViola","year":"2000","unstructured":"LaViola JJ (2000) A discussion of cybersickness in virtual environments. ACM SIGCHI Bull 32:47\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/333329.333344","journal-title":"ACM SIGCHI Bull"},{"key":"563_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-020-00440-y","author":"R Lavoie","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lavoie R, Main K, King C, King D (2020) Virtual experience, real consequences: the potential negative emotional consequences of virtual reality gameplay. Virtual Real. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10055-020-00440-y","journal-title":"Virtual Real"},{"key":"563_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2885.2004.tb00302.x","volume":"14","author":"KM Lee","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lee KM (2004) Presence, explicated. Commun Theory 14:27\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1468-2885.2004.tb00302.x","journal-title":"Commun Theory"},{"key":"563_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-017-0646-z","volume":"46","author":"A Lobel","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lobel A, Engels RCME, Stone LL, Burk WJ, Granic I (2017) Video gaming and children\u2019s psychosocial wellbeing: a longitudinal study. J Youth Adolesc 46:884\u2013897. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10964-017-0646-z","journal-title":"J Youth Adolesc"},{"key":"563_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1083-6101.1997.tb00072.x","author":"M Lombard","year":"1997","unstructured":"Lombard M, Ditton T (1997) At the heart of it all: the concept of presence. J Comput Commun. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1083-6101.1997.tb00072.x","journal-title":"J Comput Commun"},{"key":"563_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2016.00003","volume":"3","author":"M Madary","year":"2016","unstructured":"Madary M, Metzinger TK (2016) Recommendations for good scientific practice and the consumers of VR-Technology. Front Robot AI 3:1\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frobt.2016.00003","journal-title":"Front Robot AI"},{"key":"563_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.12375","volume":"35","author":"G Makransky","year":"2019","unstructured":"Makransky G, Borre-Gude S, Mayer RE (2019) Motivational and cognitive benefits of training in immersive virtual reality based on multiple assessments. J Comput Assist Learn 35:691\u2013707. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcal.12375","journal-title":"J Comput Assist Learn"},{"key":"563_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1924","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361320934214","volume":"24","author":"M Malihi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Malihi M, Nguyen J, Cardy RE, Eldon S, Petta C, Kushki A (2020) Short report: evaluating the safety and usability of head-mounted virtual reality compared to monitor-displayed video for children with autism spectrum disorder. Autism 24:1924\u20131929. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1362361320934214","journal-title":"Autism"},{"key":"563_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.4.2015.040","author":"N M\u00e4nnikk\u00f6","year":"2015","unstructured":"M\u00e4nnikk\u00f6 N, Billieux J, K\u00e4\u00e4ri\u00e4inen M (2015) Problematic digital gaming behavior and its relation to the psychological, social and physical health of Finnish adolescents and young adults. J Behav Addict. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/2006.4.2015.040","journal-title":"J Behav Addict"},{"key":"563_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.05.030","author":"C Marker","year":"2019","unstructured":"Marker C, Gnambs T, Appel M (2019) Exploring the myth of the chubby gamer: a meta-analysis on sedentary video gaming and body mass. Soc Sci Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.05.030","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"563_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-010418-102744","volume":"70","author":"R Mayer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mayer R (2019) Computer games in education. Annu Rev Psychol 70:531\u2013549. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-psych-010418-102744","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol"},{"key":"563_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.01739","author":"KJ McLean","year":"2016","unstructured":"McLean KJ (2016) The implementation of bring your own device (BYOD) in primary [elementary] schools. Front Psychol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.01739","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"563_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2486","DOI":"10.3390\/s18082486","volume":"18","author":"P Mesa-Gresa","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mesa-Gresa P, Gil-G\u00f3mez H, Lozano-Quilis J-A, Gil-G\u00f3mez J-A (2018) Effectiveness of virtual reality for children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: an evidence-based systematic review. Sensors 18:2486. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18082486","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"563_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2010.02.007","author":"D Moher","year":"2010","unstructured":"Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG (2010) Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Int J Surg. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijsu.2010.02.007","journal-title":"Int J Surg"},{"key":"563_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.3390\/su10041074","volume":"10","author":"R Molina-Carmona","year":"2018","unstructured":"Molina-Carmona R, Pertegal-Felices M, Jimeno-Morenilla A, Mora-Mora H (2018) Virtual reality learning activities for multimedia students to enhance spatial ability. Sustainability 10:1074. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su10041074","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"563_CR96","first-page":"21","volume":"17","author":"D Moreau","year":"2010","unstructured":"Moreau D, Mansy-Dannay A, Clerc J, Guerrien A (2010) Academic program and mental rotation performance: evidence for a developmental effect on individual differences in early adulthood. Educ Sci Psychol 17:21\u201328","journal-title":"Educ Sci Psychol"},{"key":"563_CR97","volume-title":"How people learn II","author":"National Academies of Sciences Engineering and Medicine","year":"2018","unstructured":"National Academies of Sciences Engineering and Medicine (2018) How people learn II. National Academies Press, Washington"},{"key":"563_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1177\/1367493505049646","volume":"9","author":"SJ Neill","year":"2005","unstructured":"Neill SJ (2005) Research with children: a critical review of the guidelines. J Child Heal Care 9:46\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1367493505049646","journal-title":"J Child Heal Care"},{"key":"563_CR99","first-page":"221","volume-title":"Recent advances in technologies for inclusive well-being, intelligent systems reference library","author":"N Newbutt","year":"2017","unstructured":"Newbutt N, Sung C, Kuo J, Leahy MJ (2017) The acceptance, challenges, and future applications of wearable technology and virtual reality to support people with autism spectrum disorders. In: Brooks A, Brahnam S, Kapralos B, Jain L (eds) Recent advances in technologies for inclusive well-being, intelligent systems reference library, vol 119. Springer, Cham, pp 221\u2013241"},{"key":"563_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2019.0206","volume":"23","author":"N Newbutt","year":"2020","unstructured":"Newbutt N, Bradley R, Conley I (2020) Using virtual reality head-mounted displays in schools with autistic children: views, experiences, and future directions. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw 23:23\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/cyber.2019.0206","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw"},{"key":"563_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2016.02.023","volume":"59","author":"P Nolin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nolin P, Stipanicic A, Henry M, Lachapelle Y, Lussier-Desrochers D, Rizzo AS, Allain P (2016) ClinicaVR: classroom-CPT: a virtual reality tool for assessing attention and inhibition in children and adolescents. Comput Human Behav 59:327\u2013333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2016.02.023","journal-title":"Comput Human Behav"},{"key":"563_CR102","unstructured":"Oculus (2018) Oculus terms of service. https:\/\/www.oculus.com\/legal\/terms-of-service\/"},{"key":"563_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13539","volume":"30","author":"CB Oliveira","year":"2020","unstructured":"Oliveira CB, Pinto RZ, Saraiva BTC, Tebar WR, Delfino LD, Franco MR, Silva CCM, Christofaro DGD (2020) Effects of active video games on children and adolescents: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Scand J Med Sci Sports 30:4\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sms.13539","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"key":"563_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1111\/jebm.12265","volume":"10","author":"A Paez","year":"2017","unstructured":"Paez A (2017) Grey literature: an important resource in systematic reviews. J Evid Based Med 10:233\u2013240. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jebm.12265","journal-title":"J Evid Based Med"},{"key":"563_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2017.00248","author":"M Palaus","year":"2017","unstructured":"Palaus M, Marron EM, Viejo-Sobera R, Redolar-Ripoll D (2017) Neural basis of video gaming: a systematic review. Front Hum Neurosci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2017.00248","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"563_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/15635","volume":"8","author":"F Pallavicini","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pallavicini F, Pepe A (2020) Virtual reality games and the role of body involvement in enhancing positive emotions and decreasing anxiety: within-subjects pilot study. JMIR Ser Games 8:e15635. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/15635","journal-title":"JMIR Ser Games"},{"key":"563_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.21595\/vp.2017.19170","volume":"14","author":"WD Park","year":"2017","unstructured":"Park WD, Jang SW, Kim YH, Kim GA, Son W, Kim YS (2017) A study on cyber sickness reduction by oculo-motor exercise performed immediately prior to viewing virtual reality (VR) content on head mounted display (HMD). Vibroeng Proc 14:260\u2013264. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21595\/vp.2017.19170","journal-title":"Vibroeng Proc"},{"key":"563_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1002\/acp.3582","volume":"34","author":"J Parong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Parong J, Mayer RE (2020) Cognitive consequences of playing brain-training games in immersive virtual reality. Appl Cogn Psychol 34:29\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/acp.3582","journal-title":"Appl Cogn Psychol"},{"key":"563_CR03","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parsons TD (2019) Neuroethics in educational technology: keeping the brain in mind when developing frameworks for ethical decision-making. In: Parsons T, Lin L, Cockerham D (eds) Mind, brain and technology. Educational communications and technology: issues and innovations. Springer Cham, pp 195\u2013209","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-02631-8_11"},{"key":"563_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2016.01.009","volume":"95","author":"D Passig","year":"2016","unstructured":"Passig D, Tzuriel D, Eshel-Kedmi G (2016) Improving children\u2019s cognitive modifiability by dynamic assessment in 3D immersive virtual reality environments. Comput Educ 95:296\u2013308. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2016.01.009","journal-title":"Comput Educ"},{"key":"563_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.13754","volume":"60","author":"FW Paulus","year":"2018","unstructured":"Paulus FW, Ohmann S, von Gontard A, Popow C (2018) Internet gaming disorder in children and adolescents: a systematic review. Dev Med Child Neurol 60:645\u2013659. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dmcn.13754","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"563_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-9452(08)70206-5","volume":"42","author":"M Peters","year":"2006","unstructured":"Peters M, Lehmann W, Takahira S, Takeuchi Y, Jordan K (2006) Mental rotation test performance in four cross-cultural samples (N = 3367): overall sex differences and the role of academic program in performance. Cortex 42:1005\u20131014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0010-9452(08)70206-5","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"563_CR112","unstructured":"Prensky M (2007) Fun, play and games: What makes games engaging. In: Digital game-based learning. Paragon House, St Paul, Minnesota, pp 105\u2013144"},{"key":"563_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e716","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-4021","volume":"134","author":"AK Przybylski","year":"2014","unstructured":"Przybylski AK (2014) Electronic gaming and psychosocial adjustment. Pediatrics 134:e716\u2013e722. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2013-4021","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"563_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797616678438","volume":"28","author":"AK Przybylski","year":"2017","unstructured":"Przybylski AK, Weinstein N (2017) A large-scale test of the goldilocks hypothesis: quantifying the relations between digital-screen use and the mental well-being of adolescents. Psychol Sci 28:204\u2013215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0956797616678438","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"key":"563_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4243","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17124243","volume":"17","author":"IA Ram\u00edrez-Granizo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ram\u00edrez-Granizo IA, Ubago-Jim\u00e9nez JL, Gonz\u00e1lez-Valero G, Puertas-Molero P, San Rom\u00e1n-Mata S (2020) The effect of physical activity and the use of active video games: exergames in children and adolescents: a systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 17:4243. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17124243","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"563_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-016-0285-9","volume":"20","author":"L Rebenitsch","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rebenitsch L, Owen C (2016) Review on cybersickness in applications and visual displays. Virtual Real 20:101\u2013125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10055-016-0285-9","journal-title":"Virtual Real"},{"key":"563_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.3928\/01913913-20170510-01","volume":"54","author":"C Rechichi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rechichi C, De Moj\u00e0 G, Aragona P (2017) Video game vision syndrome: a new clinical picture in children? J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 54:346\u2013355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3928\/01913913-20170510-01","journal-title":"J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus"},{"key":"563_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-2593","volume":"138","author":"YL Reid Chassiakos","year":"2016","unstructured":"Reid Chassiakos YL, Radesky J, Christakis D, Moreno MA, Cross C (2016) Children and adolescents and digital media. Pediatrics 138:e20162593. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2016-2593","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"563_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0200724","volume":"13","author":"J Roettl","year":"2018","unstructured":"Roettl J, Terlutter R (2018) The same video game in 2D, 3D or virtual reality\u2014how does technology impact game evaluation and brand placements? PLoS ONE 13:e0200724. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0200724","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"563_CR120","first-page":"1","volume":"12","author":"SS Roley","year":"2007","unstructured":"Roley SS, Mailloux Z, Miller-Kuhaneck H, Glennon T (2007) Understanding ayres sensory integration\u00ae. OT Pract 12:1\u20138","journal-title":"OT Pract"},{"key":"563_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rossi HS, dos Santos SM, Prates RO, Ferreira RAC (2018) Imaginator: a virtual reality based game for the treatment of sensory processing disorders. In: 2018 IEEE 6th international conference on serious games and applications for health (SeGAH). IEEE, pp 1\u20138","DOI":"10.1109\/SeGAH.2018.8401355"},{"key":"563_CR122","unstructured":"Resilient Educator (2020) Pros and cons: debating the usage of digital devices in the classroom. https:\/\/education.cu-portland.edu\/blog\/classroom-resources\/pros-and-cons-of-allowing-digital-devices-in-the-classroom\/"},{"key":"563_CR123","unstructured":"Samsung (2020) Is the gear VR safe for children? https:\/\/www.samsung.com\/uk\/support\/mobile-devices\/is-the-gear-vr-safe-for-children\/"},{"key":"563_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.6.2017.035","volume":"6","author":"LA Schneider","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schneider LA, King DL, Delfabbro PH (2017) Family factors in adolescent problematic internet gaming: a systematic review. J Behav Addict 6:321\u2013333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/2006.6.2017.035","journal-title":"J Behav Addict"},{"key":"563_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1080\/15213260903287267","volume":"12","author":"KY Segovia","year":"2009","unstructured":"Segovia KY, Bailenson JN (2009) Virtually true: children\u2019s acquisition of false memories in virtual reality. Media Psychol 12:371\u2013393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15213260903287267","journal-title":"Media Psychol"},{"key":"563_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shaffer DW, Squire KR, Halverson R, Gee JP (2005) Video Games and the Future of Learning. Phi Delta Kappan 87:105\u2013111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/003172170508700205","DOI":"10.1177\/003172170508700205"},{"key":"563_CR127","volume-title":"Developmental psychology: childhood and adolescence","author":"DR Shaffer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shaffer DR, Kipp K (2014) Developmental psychology: childhood and adolescence, 9th edn. Wadsworth Cengage Learning, Belmont","edition":"9"},{"key":"563_CR128","first-page":"1","volume":"3","author":"M Slater","year":"2003","unstructured":"Slater M (2003) A note on presence terminology. Presence Connect 3:1\u20135","journal-title":"Presence Connect"},{"key":"563_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-9433-1_2","volume-title":"Virtual environments \u201995","author":"M Slater","year":"1995","unstructured":"Slater M, Usoh M, Chrysanthou Y (1995) The influence of dynamic shadows on presence in immersive virtual environments. In: G\u00f6bel M (ed) Virtual environments \u201995. Springer, Vienna, pp 8\u201321"},{"key":"563_CR130","volume-title":"Immersive media and child development: Synthesis of a cross-sectoral meeting on virtual, augmented, and mixed reality and young children","author":"K Sobel","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sobel K (2019) Immersive media and child development: Synthesis of a cross-sectoral meeting on virtual, augmented, and mixed reality and young children. The Joan Ganz Cooney Center at Sesame Workshop, New York"},{"key":"563_CR131","unstructured":"Sony Interactive Entertainment (2020) Health warnings. https:\/\/www.playstation.com\/en-us\/network\/legal\/health-warnings\/"},{"key":"563_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1037\/a0019491","volume":"14","author":"I Spence","year":"2010","unstructured":"Spence I, Feng J (2010) Video games and spatial cognition. Rev Gen Psychol 14:92\u2013104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0019491","journal-title":"Rev Gen Psychol"},{"key":"563_CR133","unstructured":"Spielman RM, Jenkins WJ, Lovett MD (2020) Lifespan development. In: Psychology 2e. Rice University, Houston, Texas, pp 295\u2013340"},{"key":"563_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-006-0042-6","volume":"10","author":"PJ Standen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Standen PJ, Brown DJ (2006) Virtual reality and its role in removing the barriers that turn cognitive impairments into intellectual disability. Virtual Real 10:241\u2013252. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10055-006-0042-6","journal-title":"Virtual Real"},{"key":"563_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2015.09.001","volume":"64","author":"V Stavropoulos","year":"2017","unstructured":"Stavropoulos V, Kuss DJ, Griffiths MD, Wilson P, Motti-Stefanidi F (2017) MMORPG gaming and hostility predict internet addiction symptoms in adolescents: an empirical multilevel longitudinal study. Addict Behav 64:294\u2013300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addbeh.2015.09.001","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"563_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.19044\/esj.2018.v14n8p41","volume":"14","author":"A Steve","year":"2018","unstructured":"Steve A, Grubb HJ (2018) The prevalence of ADHD in American Society: the influence of parent-child and child-technology interactions. Eur Sci J 14:41. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.19044\/esj.2018.v14n8p41","journal-title":"Eur Sci J"},{"key":"563_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1007\/s13142-013-0222-3","volume":"3","author":"EB Tate","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tate EB, Spruijt-Metz D, O\u2019Reilly G, Jordan-Marsh M, Gotsis M, Pentz MA, Dunton GF (2013) mHealth approaches to child obesity prevention: successes, unique challenges, and next directions. Transl Behav Med 3:406\u2013415. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13142-013-0222-3","journal-title":"Transl Behav Med"},{"key":"563_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Thierer, \u0391D, Camp, J (2017) Permissionless innovation and immersive technology: public policy for virtual and augmented reality. Mercatus Research Paper. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.3038935","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3038935"},{"key":"563_CR139","first-page":"61","volume":"22","author":"G Tosini","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tosini G, Ferguson I, Tsubota K (2016) Effects of blue light on the circadian system and eye physiology. Mol vis 22:61\u201372","journal-title":"Mol vis"},{"key":"563_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0154764","volume":"11","author":"O Turel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Turel O, Romashkin A, Morrison K (2016) Health outcomes of information system use lifestyles among adolescents: videogame addiction, sleep curtailment and cardio-metabolic deficiencies. PLoS ONE 11:e0154764. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0154764","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"563_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1111\/cob.12191","volume":"7","author":"O Turel","year":"2017","unstructured":"Turel O, Romashkin A, Morrison KM (2017) A model linking video gaming, sleep quality, sweet drinks consumption and obesity among children and youth. Clin Obes 7:191\u2013198. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cob.12191","journal-title":"Clin Obes"},{"key":"563_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.07.020","volume":"209","author":"L Tychsen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tychsen L, Foeller P (2020) Effects of immersive virtual reality headset viewing on young children: visuomotor function, postural stability, and motion sickness. Am J Ophthalmol 209:151\u2013159. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.07.020","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"563_CR144","unstructured":"UK Department for Business Energy & Industrial Strategy (2020) Safety of domestic virtual reality systems. The National Archives, Kew, London. https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/safety-of-domestic-virtual-reality-systems"},{"key":"563_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/950566950596","author":"R Van Eck","year":"2006","unstructured":"Van Eck R (2006) Digital game-based learning: it\u2019s not just the digital natives who are restless. Educ Rev. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/950566950596","journal-title":"Educ Rev"},{"key":"563_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000133","volume":"28","author":"RA Vasa","year":"2015","unstructured":"Vasa RA, Mazurek MO (2015) An update on anxiety in youth with autism spectrum disorders. Curr Opin Psychiatry 28:83\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000133","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychiatry"},{"key":"563_CR147","unstructured":"Viner R, Davie M, Firth A (2019) The health impacts of screen time: a guide for clinicians and parents. R Coll Paediatr Child Health. https:\/\/www.rcpch.ac.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/2018-12\/rcpch_screen_time_guide_-_final.pdf"},{"key":"563_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.07.046","volume":"162","author":"ND Volkow","year":"2015","unstructured":"Volkow ND, Morales M (2015) The brain on drugs: from reward to addiction. Cell 162:712\u2013725. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2015.07.046","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"563_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.2196\/games.8908","volume":"6","author":"C Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang C, Yu G (2018) Investigating the relationship between eye movement and brain wave activity using video games: pilot study. JMIR Ser Games 6:71\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/games.8908","journal-title":"JMIR Ser Games"},{"key":"563_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/21923","volume":"22","author":"J Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang J, Li M, Zhu D, Cao Y (2020) Smartphone overuse and visual impairment in children and young adults: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Med Internet Res 22:e21923. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/21923","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"563_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1089\/g4h.2015.0103","volume":"5","author":"J Weerdmeester","year":"2016","unstructured":"Weerdmeester J, Cima M, Granic I, Hashemian Y, Gotsis M (2016) A feasibility study on the effectiveness of a full-body videogame intervention for decreasing attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms. Games Health J 5:258\u2013269. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/g4h.2015.0103","journal-title":"Games Health J"},{"key":"563_CR152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2017.00185","author":"AM Weinstein","year":"2017","unstructured":"Weinstein AM (2017) An update overview on brain imaging studies of internet gaming disorder. Front Psychiatry. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2017.00185","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"563_CR153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2020.22.2\/aweinstein","volume":"22","author":"AM Weinstein","year":"2020","unstructured":"Weinstein AM, Lejoyeux M (2020) Neurobiological mechanisms underlying internet and gaming disorder (IGD). Dialogues Clin Neurosci 22:113\u2013126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31887\/DCNS.2020.22.2\/aweinstein","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"563_CR154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Weinstein A, Weizman A (2012) Emerging association between addictive gaming and attention-deficit\/ hyperactivity disorder. Curr Psychiatry Rep. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11920-012-0311-x","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-012-0311-x"},{"key":"563_CR155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Weiss MD, Baer S, Allan BA, Saran K, Schibuk H (2011) The screens culture: impact on ADHD. ADHD Atten Deficit Hyperact Disord. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12402-011-0065-z","DOI":"10.1007\/s12402-011-0065-z"},{"key":"563_CR156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-018-0422-x","volume":"47","author":"L Wichstr\u00f8m","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wichstr\u00f8m L, Stenseng F, Belsky J, von Soest T, Hygen BW (2019) Symptoms of internet gaming disorder in youth: predictors and comorbidity. J Abnorm Child Psychol 47:71\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10802-018-0422-x","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"key":"563_CR157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.07.034","volume":"223","author":"CW Wong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wong CW, Tsai A, Jonas JB, Ohno-Matsui K, Chen J, Ang M, Ting DSW (2020) Digital screen time during the COVID-19 pandemic: risk for a further myopia boom? Am J Ophthalmol 223:333\u2013337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.07.034","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"563_CR158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.12081","volume":"84","author":"JD Woolley","year":"2013","unstructured":"Woolley JD, Ghossainy ME (2013) Revisiting the fantasy-reality distinction: children as Na\u00efve skeptics. Child Dev 84:1496\u20131510. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cdev.12081","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"key":"563_CR159","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2018) International classification of diseases and related health problems (ICD-11). World Health Organization"},{"key":"563_CR160","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2020) Looking after our mental health. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/campaigns\/connecting-the-world-to-combat-coronavirus\/healthyathome\/healthyathome---mental-health"},{"key":"563_CR161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2007.02.002","volume":"41","author":"J-Y Yen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Yen J-Y, Ko C-H, Yen C-F, Wu H-Y, Yang M-J (2007) The comorbid psychiatric symptoms of internet addiction: attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), depression, social phobia, and hostility. J Adolesc Heal 41:93\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2007.02.002","journal-title":"J Adolesc Heal"},{"key":"563_CR162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1080\/01926180902942191","volume":"37","author":"K Young","year":"2009","unstructured":"Young K (2009) Understanding online gaming addiction and treatment issues for adolescents. Am J Fam Ther 37:355\u2013372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01926180902942191","journal-title":"Am J Fam Ther"},{"key":"563_CR163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.4018\/IJGCMS.2017010102","volume":"9","author":"P Zaharias","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zaharias P, Chatzeparaskevaidou I, Karaoli F (2017) Learning geography through serious games: the effects of 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional games on learning effectiveness, motivation to learn and user experience. Int J Gaming Comput Simul 9:28\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4018\/IJGCMS.2017010102","journal-title":"Int J Gaming Comput Simul"}],"container-title":["Virtual Reality"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10055-021-00563-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10055-021-00563-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10055-021-00563-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,6]],"date-time":"2023-11-06T20:33:59Z","timestamp":1699302839000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10055-021-00563-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,3]]},"references-count":165,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["563"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10055-021-00563-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1359-4338","1434-9957"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1359-4338","type":"print"},{"value":"1434-9957","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 November 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 July 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 August 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}