{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,29]],"date-time":"2024-04-29T15:40:31Z","timestamp":1714405231457},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]],"date-time":"2024-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709251200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]],"date-time":"2024-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712188800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":34,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Albert-Ludwigs-Universit\u00e4t Freiburg im Breisgau"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Requirements Eng"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>Formal pattern languages are used in industry to communicate and analyse requirements, as they are said to be both machine-readable and intuitively understandable for humans. The questions arise to what extent this intuitive understanding of a pattern language is in agreement with its formal semantics and whether this understanding can be increased systematically. We present two consecutive empirical experiments to address these questions. The formal semantics serves as an objective judge on the intuitive understanding. Our experiments confirm the practical usefulness of HanforPL<\/jats:sc>\u00a0 insofar the intuition matches the formal semantics in most practically relevant cases. They also reveal a number of edge cases where even a prior exposure to formal logic is not a guarantee for correct understanding. We present and validate systematic adjustments to the patterns, leading to several large increases in understandability but come at the cost of new, but less impactful ambiguities. We demonstrate how an inquiry on the alignment of the intuitive and formal semantics of a pattern language can help to understand and improve the language. While results regarding the understandability of HanforPL<\/jats:sc>\u00a0are favourable in commonly used cases, there is potential for improvement. The systematic adaption of patterns shows that small modifications may have large effects on the alignment of formal and intuitive semantics, and that modification must be considered with caution in the context of the respective pattern to avoid unintentionally adding new ambiguities. This article is an extension of our published REFSQ paper.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00766-024-00417-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]],"date-time":"2024-04-04T14:03:13Z","timestamp":1712239393000},"page":"3-23","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Systematic adaptation and investigation of the understandability of a formal pattern language"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3844-8292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Henkel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nico","family":"Hauff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Langenfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lukas","family":"Eber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Podelski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"417_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s00766-011-0119-y","volume":"16","author":"H Yang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yang H, Roeck AND, Gervasi V, Willis A, Nuseibeh B (2011) Analysing anaphoric ambiguity in natural language requirements. Requir Eng 16(3):163\u2013189","journal-title":"Requir Eng"},{"issue":"1","key":"417_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1109\/MS.2005.22","volume":"22","author":"DM Berry","year":"2005","unstructured":"Berry DM, Kamsties E (2005) The syntactically dangerous all and plural in specifications. IEEE Softw 22(1):55\u201357","journal-title":"IEEE Softw"},{"key":"417_CR3","first-page":"3","volume-title":"REFSQ. Lecture notes in computer science","author":"K Winter","year":"2020","unstructured":"Winter K, Femmer H, Vogelsang A (2020) How do quantifiers affect the quality of requirements? REFSQ. Lecture notes in computer science, vol 12045. Springer, Berlin, pp 3\u201318"},{"key":"417_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dietsch D, Langenfeld V, Westphal B (2020) Formal requirements in an informal world. In: 2020 IEEE workshop on formal requirements (FORMREQ), pp 14\u201320. IEEE","DOI":"10.1109\/FORMREQ51202.2020.00010"},{"key":"417_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Konrad S, Cheng BHC (2005) Real-time specification patterns. In: ICSE, pp 372\u2013381. ACM","DOI":"10.1145\/1062455.1062526"},{"key":"417_CR6","unstructured":"Becker S, Dietsch D, Hauff N, Henkel E, Langenfeld V, Podelski A, Westphal B (2021) Hanfor: semantic requirements review at scale. In: REFSQ Workshops. CEUR Workshop Proceedings, vol. 2857. CEUR-WS.org"},{"key":"417_CR7","first-page":"21","volume-title":"REFSQ. Lecture notes in computer science","author":"E Henkel","year":"2023","unstructured":"Henkel E, Hauff N, Eber L, Langenfeld V, Podelski A (2023) An empirical study of the intuitive understanding of a formal pattern language. REFSQ. Lecture notes in computer science, vol 13975. Springer, Berlin, pp 21\u201338"},{"key":"417_CR8","unstructured":"Post AC (2012) Effective correctness criteria for real-time requirements. 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