{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,2]],"date-time":"2024-09-02T11:54:11Z","timestamp":1725278051375},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,27]],"date-time":"2012-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1335484800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AI & Soc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-012-0422-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,26]],"date-time":"2012-04-26T06:33:08Z","timestamp":1335421988000},"page":"399-414","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Artificial agents and the expanding ethical circle"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Steve","family":"Torrance","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"422_CR1","volume-title":"The spell of the sensuous: perception and language in a more-than-human world","author":"D Abram","year":"1996","unstructured":"Abram D (1996) The spell of the sensuous: perception and language in a more-than-human world. Random House, NY"},{"key":"422_CR2","volume-title":"Becoming animal: an earthly cosmology","author":"D Abram","year":"2010","unstructured":"Abram D (2010) Becoming animal: an earthly cosmology. Pantheon Books, NY"},{"key":"422_CR3","volume-title":"The world in my mind, my mind in the world: key mechanisms of consciousness in humans, animals and machines","author":"I Aleksander","year":"2005","unstructured":"Aleksander I (2005) The world in my mind, my mind in the world: key mechanisms of consciousness in humans, animals and machines. Imprint Academic, Thorverton"},{"key":"422_CR4","volume-title":"Machine ethics","year":"2011","unstructured":"Anderson M, Anderson SL (eds) (2011) Machine ethics. Cambridge University Press, NY"},{"key":"422_CR5","unstructured":"Bentham J (1823) Introduction to the principles of morals and legislation, 2nd edn. Reprinted 1907, Clarendon Press, Oxford"},{"issue":"7","key":"422_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-3287(03)00026-0","volume":"35","author":"N Bostrom","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bostrom N (2000) When machines outsmart humans. Futures 35(7):759\u2013764","journal-title":"Futures"},{"key":"422_CR7","first-page":"339","volume-title":"Death and anti-death: two hundred years after Kant; fifty years after turing","author":"N Bostrom","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bostrom N (2004) The future of human evolution. In: Tandy C (ed) Death and anti-death: two hundred years after Kant; fifty years after turing. Ria University Press, Palo Alto, pp 339\u2013371"},{"key":"422_CR8","unstructured":"Bostrom N (2005) The ethics of superintelligent machines. In: Smit I, Wallach W, Lasker G (eds) Symposium on cognitive, emotive and ethical aspects of decision-making in humans and artificial intelligence, InterSymp 05, IIAS Press, Windsor"},{"key":"422_CR9","unstructured":"Calverley (2005) Android science and the animal rights movement: are there analogies?\u2019 In: Proceedings of CogSci-2005 workshop, Cognitive Science Society, Stresa, pp 127\u2013136"},{"issue":"910","key":"422_CR10","first-page":"7","volume":"17","author":"D Chalmers","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chalmers D (2010) The singularity: a philosophical analysis. J Conscious Stud 17(910):7\u201365","journal-title":"J Conscious Stud"},{"key":"422_CR11","volume-title":"Ecological ethics: an introduction","author":"P Curry","year":"2006","unstructured":"Curry P (2006) Ecological ethics: an introduction. Polity Press, Cambridge"},{"key":"422_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2008.10.007","volume":"18","author":"H Jaegher De","year":"2008","unstructured":"De Jaegher H (2008) Social understanding through direct perception? yes, by interacting. Conscious Cogn 18:535\u2013542","journal-title":"Conscious Cogn"},{"issue":"4","key":"422_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1007\/s11097-007-9076-9","volume":"6","author":"H Jaegher De","year":"2007","unstructured":"De Jaegher H, Di Paolo E (2007) Participatory sense-making: an enactive approach to social cognition. Phenomenol Cogn Sci 6(4):485\u2013507","journal-title":"Phenomenol Cogn Sci"},{"key":"422_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400830336","volume-title":"Primates and philosophers: how morality evolved","author":"F Waal De","year":"2006","unstructured":"De Waal F (2006) Primates and philosophers: how morality evolved. Princeton U.P, Oxford"},{"key":"422_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dennett DC (1978) Why you can\u2019t make a computer that feels pain. In: Brainstorms: philosophical essays on mind and psychology. MIT Press, Cambridge, pp 190\u2013232","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00486638"},{"key":"422_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/1663.001.0001","volume-title":"Brainchildren: essays on designing minds","author":"DC Dennett","year":"1998","unstructured":"Dennett DC (1998) The practical requirements for making a conscious robot. In: Dennett DC (ed) Brainchildren: essays on designing minds. Penguin Books, London, pp 153\u2013170"},{"key":"422_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s11097-005-9002-y","volume":"4","author":"E Paolo Di","year":"2005","unstructured":"Di Paolo E (2005) Autopoiesis, adaptivity, teleology, agency. Phenomenol Cogn Sci 4:97\u2013125","journal-title":"Phenomenol Cogn Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"422_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1080\/09528130601115339","volume":"19","author":"E Dietrich","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dietrich E (2007) After the humans are gone. J Exp Theor Artif Intell 19(1):55\u201367","journal-title":"J Exp Theor Artif Intell"},{"key":"422_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1068\/a3653","volume":"36","author":"H Ernste","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ernste H (2004) The pragmatism of life in poststructuralist times. Environ Plan A 36:437\u2013450","journal-title":"Environ Plan A"},{"issue":"4\u20135","key":"422_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9973.2008.00573.x","volume":"39","author":"L Floridi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Floridi L (2008a) Artificial intelligence\u2019s new frontier: artificial companions and the fourth revolution. Metaphilosophy 39(4\u20135):651\u2013655","journal-title":"Metaphilosophy"},{"key":"422_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511498725.004","volume-title":"Moral philosophy and information technology","author":"L Floridi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Floridi L (2008b) Information ethics, its nature and scope. In: Weckert J, Van den Hoven J (eds) Moral philosophy and information technology. Cambridge U.P., Cambridge, pp 40\u201365"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"422_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/s10676-008-9176-4","volume":"10","author":"L Floridi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Floridi L (2008c) Information ethics: a reappraisal. Ethics Inf Technol 10(2\u20133):189\u2013204","journal-title":"Ethics Inf Technol"},{"key":"422_CR23","volume-title":"Artificial minds","author":"S Franklin","year":"1995","unstructured":"Franklin S (1995) Artificial minds. MIT Press, Boston"},{"key":"422_CR24","volume-title":"Interests and rights: the case against animals","author":"RG Frey","year":"1980","unstructured":"Frey RG (1980) Interests and rights: the case against animals. Clarendon Press, Oxford"},{"issue":"5\u20137","key":"422_CR25","first-page":"83","volume":"8","author":"S Gallagher","year":"2001","unstructured":"Gallagher S (2001) The practice of mind: theory, simulation or primary interaction? J Conscious Stud 8(5\u20137):83\u2013108","journal-title":"J Conscious Stud"},{"key":"422_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2008.03.003","volume":"17","author":"S Gallagher","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gallagher S (2008) Direct perception in the intersubjective context. Conscious Cogn 17:535\u2013543","journal-title":"Conscious Cogn"},{"key":"422_CR27","unstructured":"Goertzel B (2006) Ten years to a positive singularity (if we really, really try). Talk to Transvision 2006, Helsinki. http:\/\/www.goertzel.org\/papers\/tenyears.htm"},{"key":"422_CR28","volume-title":"The cognitive approach to conscious machines","author":"P Haikonen","year":"2003","unstructured":"Haikonen P (2003) The cognitive approach to conscious machines. Imprint Academic, Thorverton"},{"key":"422_CR29","unstructured":"Holland O (ed) (2003) Special issue on machine consciousness. J Conscious Stud 10(4\u20135)"},{"key":"422_CR30","unstructured":"Jonas H (1996\/2001) The phenomenon of life: toward a philosophical biology. Northwestern University Press, Evanston (originally published by Harper & Row (NY) in 1996)"},{"key":"422_CR31","unstructured":"Joy B (2000) Why the future doesn\u2019t need us. Wired 8(04). http:\/\/www.wired.com\/wired\/archive\/8.04\/joy_pr.html"},{"key":"422_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kant I (1997) In: Heath P, Schneewind JB (eds) Lectures on ethics, Cambridge U.P., Cambridge","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781107049512"},{"key":"422_CR33","unstructured":"Kurzweil R (2001) One half of an argument (response to Lanier 2000). The edge (online publication), 8.4.01. http:\/\/www.edge.org\/3rd_culture\/kurzweil\/kurzweil_index.html"},{"key":"422_CR34","volume-title":"The singularity is near: when humans transcend biology","author":"R Kurzweil","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kurzweil R (2005) The singularity is near: when humans transcend biology. Viking Press, NY"},{"key":"422_CR35","unstructured":"LaChat M (2004) \u201cPlaying god\u201d and the construction of artificial persons. In: Smit I, Wallach W, Lasker G (eds) Symposium on cognitive, emotive and ethical aspects of decision-making in humans and artificial intelligence, InterSymp 04, IIAS Press, Windsor"},{"key":"422_CR36","unstructured":"Lanier J (2000) One half of a Manifesto. The edge (online publication), 11.11.00. http:\/\/www.edge.org\/3rd_culture\/lanier\/lanier_index.html"},{"key":"422_CR37","unstructured":"Leopold A (1949) The land ethic. In: A sand county almanac with sketches here and there, Oxford University Press, New York, pp 201 ff"},{"key":"422_CR38","volume-title":"Gaia: a new look at life on earth","author":"J Lovelock","year":"1979","unstructured":"Lovelock J (1979) Gaia: a new look at life on earth. Oxford U.P., Oxford"},{"key":"422_CR39","volume-title":"The revenge of Gaia: why the earth is fighting back, and how we can still save humanity","author":"J Lovelock","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lovelock J (2006) The revenge of Gaia: why the earth is fighting back, and how we can still save humanity. Allen Lane, London"},{"key":"422_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-8947-4","volume-title":"Autopoiesis and cognition: the realization of the living","author":"H Maturana","year":"1980","unstructured":"Maturana H, Varela F (1980) Autopoiesis and cognition: the realization of the living. D. Reidel Publishing, Dordrecht"},{"key":"422_CR41","volume-title":"Beast and man: the roots of human nature","author":"M Midgley","year":"1978","unstructured":"Midgley M (1978) Beast and man: the roots of human nature. Cornell U.P., Ithaca"},{"issue":"4","key":"422_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1109\/MIS.2006.80","volume":"21","author":"J Moor","year":"2006","unstructured":"Moor J (2006) The nature, importance and difficulty of machine ethics. IEEE Intell Syst 21(4):18\u201321","journal-title":"IEEE Intell Syst"},{"key":"422_CR43","volume-title":"Mind children: the future of robot and human intelligence","author":"H Moravec","year":"1988","unstructured":"Moravec H (1988) Mind children: the future of robot and human intelligence. Harvard U.P., Cambridge"},{"key":"422_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1080\/00201747308601682","volume":"16","author":"A Naess","year":"1973","unstructured":"Naess A (1973) The shallow and the deep long-range ecology movements. Inquiry 16:95\u2013100","journal-title":"Inquiry"},{"key":"422_CR45","first-page":"3","volume":"6","author":"A Naess","year":"1984","unstructured":"Naess A, Sessions G (1984) Basic principles of deep ecology. Ecophilosophy 6:3\u20137","journal-title":"Ecophilosophy"},{"key":"422_CR46","volume-title":"The case for animal rights","author":"T Regan","year":"1983","unstructured":"Regan T (1983) The case for animal rights. University of California Press, Berkeley"},{"key":"422_CR47","volume-title":"Animal liberation","author":"P Singer","year":"1977","unstructured":"Singer P (1977) Animal liberation. Granada, London"},{"key":"422_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singer P (2011) The expanding circle: ethics, evolution and moral progress. Princeton U.P., Princeton. (Revised edition of Singer P (1981), The expanding circle: ethics and sociobiology. Farrar, Strauss and Giroux, NY)","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400838431"},{"key":"422_CR49","unstructured":"Singer P, Sagan A (2009) When robots have feelings. The guardian, Tues 15 December 2009. http:\/\/www.guardian.co.uk\/commentisfree\/2009\/dec\/14\/rage-against-machines-robots"},{"key":"422_CR50","volume-title":"The computer revolution in philosophy: philosophy, science and models of mind","author":"A Sloman","year":"1978","unstructured":"Sloman A (1978) The computer revolution in philosophy: philosophy, science and models of mind. Harvester Press, Hassocks"},{"issue":"1","key":"422_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-5930.2007.00346.x","volume":"24","author":"R Sparrow","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sparrow R (2007) Killer robots. Appl Philos 24(1):62\u201377","journal-title":"Appl Philos"},{"issue":"2","key":"422_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s11023-006-9030-6","volume":"16","author":"R Sparrow","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sparrow R, Sparrow L (2006) In the hands of machines? the future of aged care. Minds Mach 16(2):141\u2013161","journal-title":"Minds Mach"},{"key":"422_CR53","volume-title":"The greening of ethics: from human chauvinism to deep-green theory","author":"R Sylvan","year":"1994","unstructured":"Sylvan R, Bennett D (1994) The greening of ethics: from human chauvinism to deep-green theory. White Horse Press, Cambridge"},{"key":"422_CR54","volume-title":"Mind in life: biology, phenomenology and the sciences of mind","author":"E Thompson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Thompson E (2007) Mind in life: biology, phenomenology and the sciences of mind. Harvard U.P., Cambridge"},{"key":"422_CR55","unstructured":"Torrance S (2000) Towards an ethics for epersons. In: Proceedings of AISB\u201900 symposium on AI, ethics and (Quasi-) human rights, University of Birmingham"},{"key":"422_CR56","unstructured":"Torrance S (2007) Two conceptions of machine phenomenality. J Conscious Stud 14(7):154\u2013166"},{"key":"422_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torrance S (2008) Ethics, consciousness and artificial agents. Artif Intell Soc 22(4):495\u2013521","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-007-0091-8"},{"key":"422_CR58","unstructured":"Torrance S (2009) Will robots have their own ethics? Philosophy Now (72). http:\/\/www.philosophynow.org\/issues\/72\/Will_Robots_Need_Their_Own_Ethics . Accessed 22 Apr 2012"},{"key":"422_CR59","unstructured":"Torrance S (2011) Would a super-intelligent AI necessarily be (super-) conscious?\u2019 In: Chrisley R, Clowes R, Torrance S (eds) Proceedings of machine consciousness symposium at the AISB\u201911 convention, University of York, pp 67\u201374"},{"key":"422_CR60","first-page":"285","volume-title":"Technologies on the stand: legal and ethical questions in neuroscience and robotics","author":"S Torrance","year":"2011","unstructured":"Torrance S, Roche D (2011) Does an artificial agent need to be conscious to have ethical status? In: van den Berg B, Klaming L (eds) Technologies on the stand: legal and ethical questions in neuroscience and robotics. Wolf Legal Publishers, Nijmegen, pp 285\u2013310"},{"key":"422_CR61","unstructured":"Torrance S, Clowes R, Chrisley R (eds) (2007) Machine consciousness: embodiment and imagination. Special issue of J Conscious Stud 14(4)"},{"key":"422_CR62","first-page":"41","volume-title":"The Blackwell companion to consciousness","author":"C Trevarthen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Trevarthen C, Reddy V (2007) Consciousness in infants. In: Velmans M, Schneider S (eds) The Blackwell companion to consciousness. Blackwell, Oxford, pp 41\u201357"},{"key":"422_CR63","unstructured":"Vinge V (1993) The coming technological singularity: how to survive in the post-human era. Whole Earth Rev Winter 1993. http:\/\/www.wholeearth.com\/uploads\/2\/File\/documents\/technological_singularity.pdf . Accessed 22 Apr 2012"},{"key":"422_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195374049.001.0001","volume-title":"Moral machines: teaching robots right from wrong","author":"W Wallach","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wallach W, Allen C (2009) Moral machines: teaching robots right from wrong. Oxford U.P., Oxford"},{"key":"422_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674045231","volume-title":"Biophilia","author":"EO Wilson","year":"1984","unstructured":"Wilson EO (1984) Biophilia. Harvard U.P., Cambridge"},{"key":"422_CR66","volume-title":"The diversity of life","author":"EO Wilson","year":"1994","unstructured":"Wilson EO (1994) The diversity of life. Penguin, Harmondsworth"},{"key":"422_CR67","volume-title":"The moral animal: evolutionary psychology and everyday life","author":"R Wright","year":"1994","unstructured":"Wright R (1994) The moral animal: evolutionary psychology and everyday life. Pantheon Books, NY"},{"key":"422_CR68","unstructured":"Yudkowsky ES (2001) Creating friendly AI. http:\/\/www.singinst.org\/upload\/CFAI.html"},{"key":"422_CR69","first-page":"91","volume-title":"Global catastrophic risks","author":"ES Yudkowsky","year":"2008","unstructured":"Yudkowsky ES (2008) Cognitive biases potentially affecting judgement of global risks. In: Bostrom N, Cirkovic M (eds) Global catastrophic risks. Oxford U.P., Oxford, pp 91\u2013119"}],"container-title":["AI & SOCIETY"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00146-012-0422-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00146-012-0422-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00146-012-0422-2","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,22]],"date-time":"2023-06-22T09:04:28Z","timestamp":1687424668000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00146-012-0422-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,27]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]}},"alternative-id":["422"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00146-012-0422-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["0951-5666","1435-5655"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0951-5666","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-5655","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,27]]}}}