{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]],"date-time":"2024-09-23T03:42:48Z","timestamp":1727062968504},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1993,5,1]],"date-time":"1993-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":736214400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Form. Asp. Comput."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1993,5]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n A common characteristic of process algebras is that they permit us the partial description of concurrent systems by including non-deterministic behaviours. These non-deterministic components are abstractions of the actual ones, and they can be detailed in successive refinements. This paper proposes an enrichment of the above abstraction. It defines a formal description technique which is able to characterize the non-determinism in a probabilistic way. The proposed technique, called LOTOS-P is an upward compatible extension of LOTOS. The compatibility includes also the possibility of specifying non-deterministic behaviours; that is, without probabilistic characterization.<\/jats:p>\n The contents of the paper are mainly related to the definition of probabilistic models based on process algebras, and the study of the observable behaviour of systems by using testing relations. The advantage of the proposed model with respect to previous works is twofold. First, the model is simpler, and second, the compatibility with LOTOS is achieved. The simplicity does not make the model useless because its expressive power permits us to express random behaviours in the same way they are being expressed with classical techniques of discrete systems modeling.<\/jats:p>\n \n The probabilistic evaluation of the properties of the system can be done by applying the defined calculus, but also by\n simulation<\/jats:italic>\n . Simulation means that we are able to obtain the desired results with a given confidence level.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/bf01211557","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,25]],"date-time":"2005-02-25T19:40:57Z","timestamp":1109360457000},"page":"253-281","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["LOTOS extended with probabilistic behaviours"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Carlos","family":"Miguel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dpto. Ingenier\u00eda de Sistemas Telem\u00e1ticos (DIT), ETSI Telecomunicaci\u00f3n, UPM. Ciudad Universitaria, 28040, Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"Angel","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dpto. Ingenier\u00eda de Sistemas Telem\u00e1ticos (DIT), ETSI Telecomunicaci\u00f3n, UPM. Ciudad Universitaria, 28040, Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"Leon","family":"Vidaller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dpto. Ingenier\u00eda de Sistemas Telem\u00e1ticos (DIT), ETSI Telecomunicaci\u00f3n, UPM. Ciudad Universitaria, 28040, Madrid, Spain"}]}],"member":"320","reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1_2","unstructured":"Bolognesi T. and Brinksma E.: Introduction to the ISO Specification Language LOTOS. In P.H.J. van Eijk C.A. Vissers and M. Diaz editors The Formal Description Technique LOTOS pages 23\u201373. North-Holland 1989."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3975(85)90088-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_3_2","volume-title":"Sixth International Workshop on Protocol Specification, Testing and Verification","author":"Brinksma E.","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_4_2","volume-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","author":"Christoff I.","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez A. Miguel C. and Vidaller L.: Development of Satellite Communication Networks based on LOTOS. In 12th International Symposium on Protocol Specification Testing and Verification Florida USA June 1992. IFIP.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-89874-6.50018-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_6_2","unstructured":"Glabbeek R. Smolka S.A. Steffen B. and Tofts C.M.N.: Reactive Generative and Stratified Models of Probabilistic Proccesses. In Proceedings 5th Annual Symposium on Logic in Computer Science Philadelphia USA 1990. LICS 90."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_7_2","unstructured":"Fey W. Ehrig H. and Hansen H.: Act one: An algebraic language with two levels of semantics. Technical Report Bericht Nr. 83.103 Tech. Universitat Berlin 1983."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_8_2","volume-title":"Algebraic Theory of Processes","author":"Hennessy M.","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_9_2","unstructured":"Hoare C.A.R.: Communicating Sequential Processes . Prentice-Hall Int. 1985."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_10_2","unstructured":"ISO. LOTOS a Formal Description Technique based on the Temporal Ordering of Observational Behaviour. IS 8807 TC97\/SC21 1989."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_11_2","unstructured":"Leduc G.: Conformance relation associated equivalence and new canonical tester in lotos. In 11th International IFIP WG6.1 Symposium on Protocol Specification Testing and Verification pages 232\u2013247 Stockholm June 1991. IFIP."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Larsen K.G. and Skou A.: Bisimulation through probabilistic testing. In Proc. 16th ACM Symp. on Principles of Programming Languages pages 344\u2013352 1989.","DOI":"10.1145\/75277.75307"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_13_2","unstructured":"Ma~nas J. and de Miguel T.: From LOTOS to C. In K. Turner editor Formal Description Techniques FORTE88 Stirling September 1988."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miguel C. Fern\u00e1ndez A. Ortu\u00f1o J.M. and Vidaller L.: A LOTOS based Performance Evaluation Tool. To be published in the Forthcoming Special Issue of \u201cComputer Networks and ISDN Systems\u201d on: TOOLS FOR FDTs 1992.","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-7552(93)90049-A"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_15_2","volume-title":"PhD thesis","author":"Miguel C.","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_16_2","unstructured":"Miguel C.: Timed LOTOS definition. LOTOS-T. Technical Report OSI95\/DIT\/B5\/5\/TR\/R\/V3 DIT. OSI95 ESPRIT II Project Nov. 13. 1991."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_17_2","volume-title":"Number 92 in Lecture Notes in Computer Science","author":"Milner R.","year":"1980"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Milne G.: CIRCAL and the Representation of Communication Concurrency and Time volume 7 of ACM TOPLAS . April 1985.","DOI":"10.1145\/3318.3322"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_19_2","unstructured":"Milner R.: Communication and Concurrency . International Series in Computer Science. Prentice Hall 1989."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_20_2","unstructured":"Miguel C. and Ortu\u00f1o J.M.: TOPOSIM Tool. User's Guide. Technical report Department of Telematic Systems Engineering (DIT). ETSI Telecomunicacion UPM. Ciudad Universitaria \u2014 28040 Madrid Sept. 12. 1991."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_21_2","unstructured":"NouNou N. and Yemini Y.: Algebraic specification-based performance analysis of communication protocols. In Workshop on Protocol Specification Testing and Verification: IV . IFIP 1985."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Papoulis A.: Probability Random Variables and Stochastic Processes . McGraw-Hill 1989.","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3269815"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_23_2","unstructured":"Pavon S. and Llamas M.: The testing functionalities of LOLA. In J. Quemada J. Ma\u00f1as and E. V\u00e1zquez editors Third International Conference on Formal Description Techniques Madrid Spain November 1990. FORTE 90."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pnueli A.: Linear and Branching Structures in the Semantics and Logics of Reactive Systems. In Proc. 12th Intl. Coll. on Automata Languages and Programming pages 15\u201332. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 194 1985.","DOI":"10.1007\/BFb0015727"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_25_2","unstructured":"Quemada J. Azcorra A. and Frutos D.: A Timed Calculus for LOTOS. In S. Vuong editor Formal Description Techniques Vancouver CANADA December 1989. 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