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The frame consists of a set of related topics that can be treated in specific tasks, the priority ranking, and the behavior of the system when each topic is completed. When there is a hierarchical relationship among topics, this is described as a hierarchical relationship among frames. The dialog history is represented by the topic frame using a tree structure that can provide dynamic links (this is called a dynamic topic tree). System\u2010initiative and user\u2010initiative dialog can be accomplished by searching the dynamic topic tree using two types of approaches. The authors created a spoken dialog system for four typical tasks and performed spoken dialog experiments in order to evaluate the system. The results showed that all subjects were able to complete the tasks. This demonstrates that the authors' method is valid as a way to create a practical task\u2010independent spoken dialog system. \u00a9 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 35(14): 87\u201395, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com<\/jats:ext-link>). 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