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The proposed extension significantly outperforms traditional methods, which build on the assumption of travel according to the rectilinear distance metric. While only marginally increasing the data collection effort, the proposed extension yields reductions of 26 percent points in mean absolute percentage error compared to traditional approximation methods. The obtained distance estimates are within 5%\u201015% of near\u2010optimal solutions obtained with a large neighborhood search heuristic, depending on the circuity of the region and the density of stops. Further, by providing a real\u2010world validation of CA methods, we explore how novel sources of geo\u2010spatial and traffic\u2010related data can be efficiently leveraged to improve the predictive performance of CA methods. The proposed extension is particularly relevant to increase the real\u2010world validity of CA methods applied to large\u2010scale optimization problems in logistics system design and planning within urban areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/net.21874","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,18]],"date-time":"2019-02-18T13:26:13Z","timestamp":1550496373000},"page":"418-433","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["An empirical validation and data\u2010driven extension of continuum approximation approaches for urban route distances"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"73","author":[{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1822-083X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Merch\u00e1n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Transportation and Logistics Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge Massachusetts"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8237-625X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthias","family":"Winkenbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Transportation and Logistics Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge Massachusetts"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/trsc.1100.0346"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2017.09.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","first-page":"843","article-title":"Selected country circuity factors for road travel distance estimation","volume":"36","author":"Ballou R.H.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Transp. 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