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In addition, the presence of multiple light sources in most indoor spaces makes multiple\u2010input\u2013multiple\u2010output (MIMO) communication techniques a natural solution for VLC systems. In this paper, we investigate the design of an adaptive MIMO OFDM system. Specifically, we propose adaptive bit and power loading for a direct current\u2013biased OFDM VLC system with MIMO mode switching between repetition coding and spatial multiplexing. We formulate the adaptive algorithm design as an optimization problem where we aim to maximize spectral efficiency through the proper selection of modulation order, power level, and MIMO mode, while satisfying a targeted bit error rate. To solve the underlying NP\u2010hard problems, we use a simulated annealing heuristic. We present Monte Carlo simulation results for a typical indoor setting and illustrate the performance improvements through link adaptation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ett.3850","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,8]],"date-time":"2020-01-08T16:34:10Z","timestamp":1578501250000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Joint bit and power loading for adaptive MIMO OFDM VLC systems"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9594-8034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Umair F.","family":"Siddiqi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Communications and IT Research, Research Institute King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals Dhahran Saudi Arabia"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2707-5689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omer","family":"Narmanlioglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering \u00d6zye\u011fin University Istanbul Turkey"}]},{"given":"Murat","family":"Uysal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering \u00d6zye\u011fin University Istanbul Turkey"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4796-0581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sadiq M.","family":"Sait","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Communications and IT Research, Research Institute King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals Dhahran Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals Dhahran Saudi Arabia"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511979187"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2012.6163585"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2008.2010061"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/el:20063636"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"TsonevD SinanovicS HaasH.Novel unipolar orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (U\u2010OFDM) for optical wireless. 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