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In the HetNet, NOMA is used at SBSs for combing backhaul and downlink (DL) signals. As a result, at each SBS, the backhaul, uplink transmission, and DL transmission are executed simultaneously, whereas the FD macro base stations (MBSs) communicate with mobile users (MUs) and transceive backhaul signals from associated SBSs by using massive\u2010MIMO antennas. The simple time\u2010division duplex is performed for the communications between MBSs and MUs so that a round of communications consists of MBS\u2010MU\u2010DL and MBS\u2010MU\u2010UL phases. This work particularly focuses on the MBS\u2010MU\u2010DL phase. By assuming the HetNet to be fully loaded, this paper first models the distribution of active SBSs and those of the interference received at the different types of receivers. Then, by formulating the received signal\u2010to\u2010interference ratios, this paper obtains the coverage probabilities of the MU\u2010SBS\u2010MBS uplink backhaul and MU DLs as well as the spectrum and energy efficiencies. The presented simulations and numerical results show that the integration of FD and NOMA at SBSs is an effective solution for creating the backhaul between FD\u2010SBS and FD\u2010MBS. It is obtained that when the power\u2010sharing coefficient allocated for a small\u2010cell DL is small, the coverage probability of SBS DL transmission increases; otherwise, it decreases. However, the coverage probabilities of the MBS DL and MU\u2010SBS\u2010MBS backhaul link monotonically vary with the power\u2010sharing coefficient. It is also achieved that the power\u2010sharing coefficient imposes the effect on the energy efficiencies of the MU\u2010SBS\u2010MBS backhaul link and MU DL in inverse directions. At the same time, it is found that the achieved energy efficiency gain depends greatly on the resolution of massive\u2010MIMO antennas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ett.3578","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,19]],"date-time":"2019-02-19T02:06:10Z","timestamp":1550541970000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effective self\u2010backhaul scheme for massive MIMO\u2013enabled full\u2010duplex heterogeneous networks by exploiting NOMA"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7331-7813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiangdong","family":"Jia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Engineering Northwest Normal University Lanzhou China"},{"name":"Wireless Communication Key Lab of Jiangsu Province Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications Nanjing China"}]},{"given":"Xiaorong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Engineering Northwest Normal University Lanzhou China"}]},{"given":"Wenjuan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Engineering Northwest Normal University Lanzhou China"}]},{"given":"Longxiang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wireless Communication Key Lab of Jiangsu Province Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications Nanjing China"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2014.2328098"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2014.6736761"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2016.2571730"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DengY WangL WongK NallanathanA ElkashlanM LambotharanS.Safeguarding massive MIMO aided hetnets using physical layer security. 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