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This is in contrast with the current infrastructure deployment in several urban areas, which is characterised by lack of ubiquitous connectivity and coverage and by fragmentation of networks that are usually deployed by different operators and without any centralised control by the city authorities. In this paper, we look at the heterogeneity of devices and network technologies under a different perspective by not perceiving it as a limitation but as a potential to increase the connectivity in a smart city. We propose a new generation of network nodes, called stem nodes, based on the innovative idea of \u2018stemness\u2019, which pushes forward the well\u2010known self\u2010configuration and self\u2010management concepts towards the idea of node mutation and evolution. We also deployed prototypes that demonstrate the stem\u2010node architecture and basic operations in different hardware platforms of common communication devices (an Alix\u2010based router, a laptop and a smartphone). Copyright \u00a9 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ett.2785","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,15]],"date-time":"2014-01-15T06:18:21Z","timestamp":1389766701000},"page":"21-40","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["STEM\u2010Net: an evolutionary network architecture for smart and sustainable cities"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Gianluca","family":"Aloi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information, Modeling, Electronic and System Engineering University of Calabria Rende, Calabria Italy"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Bedogni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering University of Bologna Bologna Italy"}]},{"given":"Marco Di","family":"Felice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering University of Bologna Bologna Italy"}]},{"given":"Valeria","family":"Loscr\u00ec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FUN Team Inria Lille \u2010 Nord Europe France"}]},{"given":"Antonella","family":"Molinaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DIIES Mediterranea University of Reggio Calabria Reggio Calabria, Calabria Italy"}]},{"given":"Enrico","family":"Natalizio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heudiasyc Universit\u00e9 de Technologie de Compi\u00e8gne Compi\u00e8gne, Picardy France"}]},{"given":"Pasquale","family":"Pace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information, Modeling, Electronic and System Engineering University of Calabria Rende, Calabria Italy"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Ruggeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DIIES Mediterranea University of Reggio Calabria Reggio Calabria, Calabria Italy"}]},{"given":"Angelo","family":"Trotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering University of Bologna Bologna Italy"}]},{"given":"Nicola Roberto","family":"Zema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DIIES Mediterranea University of Reggio Calabria Reggio Calabria, Calabria Italy"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","unstructured":"World Earth Organization.Global Earth Observatory.http:\/\/www.who.int\/gho\/urban_health\/situation_trends\/urban_population_growth_text\/en\/index.html[4 January 2014]."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","unstructured":"SmartCities.Ranking of European medium\u2010sized cities.http:\/\/www.smart\u2010cities.eu\/[4 January 2014]."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","volume-title":"Barcelona Smart Cities Congress","author":"Dohler M","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ChourabiH NamT WalkerS et al.Understanding smart cities: an integrative framework. 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