{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]],"date-time":"2024-08-29T23:10:44Z","timestamp":1724973044509},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]],"date-time":"2021-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J Communication"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,10]]},"abstract":"Summary<\/jats:title>Nowadays, the popular 2.4\u2010GHz band is used in different systems, such as Wi\u2010Fi, Bluetooth, wireless sensor systems, and wireless cameras. Instead of the over\u2010crowded 2.4\u2010GHz Wi\u2010Fi band, this research offers the experience of using the 5\u2010GHz Wi\u2010Fi band, which provides more spectrum availability, more channels, larger bandwidth, faster data transmission, higher data rates, higher speed, and better quality of service compared to those of the 2.4\u2010GHz band. In this paper, practical implementation and testing of a cooperative spectrum sensing system are presented. The spectrum utilization in the 5\u2010GHz Wi\u2010Fi licensed band at six different locations is investigated to allow the transition of secondary users (SUs) to free bands. The spectrum measurement is performed on a centralized cooperative spectrum sensing system, which consists of a master cognitive radio node and five cognitive radio stations. The measurement and simulation results for the practical system are compared with the previous related measurements obtained in Singapore, Barcelona, North Dakota (USA), and Germany. They all agree that the spectrum is underutilized, and it needs to be better utilized for increasing the spectrum efficiency. The practical results show that the newly implemented system in the 5\u2010GHz range fulfills the requirements of users with high efficiency and high quality of service compared to those of the 2.4\u2010GHz system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dac.4774","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]],"date-time":"2021-04-30T07:25:08Z","timestamp":1619767508000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Spectrum measurement and utilization in an outdoor 5\u2010GHz Wi\u2010Fi network using cooperative cognitive radio system"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7509-2120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Walid","family":"El\u2010Shafai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Security Engineering Lab, Computer Science Department Prince Sultan University Riyadh Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Electronics and Electrical Communications Engineering, Faculty of Electronic Engineering Menoufia University Menouf Egypt"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2602-8920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Fawzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Electrical Communications Engineering, Faculty of Electronic Engineering Menoufia University Menouf Egypt"},{"name":"Department of Electronics Engineering and Communication Technology Modern Academy for Engineering and Technology in Maadi Egypt"}]},{"given":"Abdelhalim","family":"Zekry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University Cairo Egypt"}]},{"given":"Fathi E.","family":"Abd El\u2010Samie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Electrical Communications Engineering, Faculty of Electronic Engineering Menoufia University Menouf Egypt"},{"name":"Department of Information Technology, College of Computer and Information Sciences Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Abd\u2010Elnaby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering College of Computers and Information Technology, Taif University Taif Saudi Arabia"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"Collaborative learning\u2010based industrial IoT API recommendation for software\u2010defined devices: the implicit knowledge discovery perspective","year":"2020","author":"Gao H","key":"e_1_2_8_2_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"V2VR: reliable hybrid\u2010network\u2010oriented V2V data transmission and routing considering RSUs and connectivity probability","author":"Gao H","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3407192"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GaoH KuangL YinY GuoB DouK.Mining consuming behaviors with temporal evolution for personalized recommendation in mobile marketing apps. Proc. ACM\/Springer Mobile Netw. Appl. (MONET);2020.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11036-020-01535-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13638-019-1557-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"An approach to alleviate the sparsity problem of hybrid collaborative filtering based recommendations: the product\u2010attribute perspective from user reviews","author":"Yang X","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mobile Networks and Applications"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","first-page":"139","article-title":"Predictive web service monitoring using probabilistic model checking","volume":"7","author":"Gao H","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl Math"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13319-015-0042-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-018-5814-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-019-7448-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-017-4936-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dac.3478"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13319-015-0064-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"IslamMH KohCL OhSW et al.Spectrum survey in Singapore: Occupancy measurements and analyses. In 2008 3rd International Conference on Cognitive Radio Oriented Wireless Networks and Communications (CrownCom 2008). IEEE; May2008:1\u20107.","DOI":"10.1109\/CROWNCOM.2008.4562457"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2006.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2004.839380"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","unstructured":"CrohasA.Practical implementation of a cognitive radio system for dynamic spectrum access(Doctoral dissertation University of Notre Dame);2008."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2009.2015716"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phycom.2010.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SandersFH.Broadband spectrum surveys in Denver CO San Diego CA and Los Angeles CA: methodology analysis and comparative results. 1998 IEEE EMC Symposium. International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility. Symposium Record (Cat. No. 98CH36253). Vol.2. IEEE;1998.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISEMC.1998.750342"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","unstructured":"DoJ AkosDM EngePK.L and S bands spectrum survey in the San Francisco bay area. In PLANS 2004. Position Location and Navigation Symposium (IEEE Cat. No. 04CH37556). IEEE; April2004:566\u2010572."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ChiangRI RoweGB SowerbyKW.A quantitative analysis of spectral occupancy measurements for cognitive radio. In 2007 IEEE 65th Vehicular Technology Conference\u2010VTC2007\u2010Spring. IEEE;2007:3016\u20103020.","DOI":"10.1109\/VETECS.2007.618"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","unstructured":"McHenryMA.Shared Spectrum Company spectrum occupancy measurements.2007."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El KhamlichiB AbdelaaliC AhmedL El AbbadiJ.A quantitative investigation of spectrum utilization in UHF and VHF bands in Morocco: the road to cognitive radio networks. In 2016 11th International Conference on Intelligent Systems: Theories and Applications (SITA). IEEE; October2016:1\u20106.","DOI":"10.1109\/SITA.2016.7772293"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez\u2010Ben\u00edtezM UmbertA CasadevallF.Evaluation of spectrum occupancy in Spain for cognitive radio applications. In VTC Spring 2009\u2010IEEE 69th Vehicular Technology Conference. IEEE; April2009:1\u20105.","DOI":"10.1109\/VETECS.2009.5073544"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2016.2559525"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"WellensM WuJ MahonenP.Evaluation of spectrum occupancy in indoor and outdoor scenario in the context of cognitive radio. In 2007 2nd International Conference on Cognitive Radio Oriented Wireless Networks and Communications. IEEE; August2007:420\u2010427.","DOI":"10.1109\/CROWNCOM.2007.4549835"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"TaherT AttardR RiazA et al.Global spectrum observatory network setup and initial findings. In 2014 9th International Conference on Cognitive Radio Oriented Wireless Networks and Communications (CROWNCOM). IEEE; June2014:79\u201088.","DOI":"10.4108\/icst.crowncom.2014.255402"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"HannaSA SydorJ.Distributed sensing of spectrum occupancy and interference in outdoor 2.4 GHz Wi\u2010Fi networks. In 2012 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM). IEEE; December2012:1453\u20101459.","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2012.6503318"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"HannaSA.A 3\u2010state hypothesis test model for cognitive radio systems. In 2014 IEEE International Symposium on Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks (DYSPAN). IEEE; April2014:291\u2010302.","DOI":"10.1109\/DySPAN.2014.6817806"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KassemMM MarinaMK.Future wireless spectrum below 6 GHz: a UK perspective. In 2015 IEEE International Symposium on Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks (DySPAN). IEEE; September2015:59\u201070.","DOI":"10.1109\/DySPAN.2015.7343850"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Spectrum occupancy in realistic scenarios and duty cycle model for cognitive radio","volume":"1","author":"L\u00f3pez Ben\u00edtez M","year":"2010","journal-title":"Advances in Electronics and Telecommunications, Special Issue on Radio Communication Series: Recent Advances and Future Trends in Wireless Communication"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SubramaniamS ReyesH KaabouchN.Spectrum occupancy measurement: an autocorrelation based scanning technique using USRP. In 2015 IEEE 16th Annual Wireless and Microwave Technology Conference (WAMICON). IEEE; April2015:1\u20105.","DOI":"10.1109\/WAMICON.2015.7120376"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RademacherM JonasK KretschmerM.Quantifying the spectrum occupancy in an outdoor 5 GHz WiFi network with directional antennas. In 2018 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC). IEEE; April2018:1\u20105.","DOI":"10.1109\/WCNC.2018.8377013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","unstructured":"https:\/\/www.mathworks.com\/"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Communication Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/dac.4774","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/dac.4774","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/dac.4774","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]],"date-time":"2024-08-29T22:17:58Z","timestamp":1724969878000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/dac.4774"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/dac.4774"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dac.4774","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1074-5351","1099-1131"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1074-5351"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1099-1131"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-04-02","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-02-08","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-04-30","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}