{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,9]],"date-time":"2023-09-09T09:11:53Z","timestamp":1694250713891},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,29]],"date-time":"2019-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1564358400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011271","name":"FP7 Coordination of Non-Community Research Programmes","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["TUCAN3G IST-601102 STP"],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011271","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J Communication"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]},"abstract":"Summary<\/jats:title>Management in wireless backhaul networks is a challenging task, especially in rural and isolated environments. In these scenarios, the backhaul network usually consists of a set of heterogeneous wireless links that provide limited and variable bandwidth to the access networks, often 3G\/4G small cells. Because of the highly constrained nature of this type of backhaul network, intelligent and joint management in both the backhaul network and the access network is crucial in order to avoid performance degradation caused by traffic congestion. In order to avoid the saturation in the backhaul network, access networks should consider the backhaul state when taking decisions in the admission control and scheduling procedures. However, no standardized mechanisms currently exist for sharing management information between both networks. In this work, we propose to use the Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) bit in the outer IP headers present in the Iuh 3GPP IPSec\u2010enabled interfaces in order to notify the backhaul congestion state to the access network. We analyze for the referred scenario, compatibility and security details, validating our approach by running numerically simulations and implementing the notification mechanism. Our low complexity approach offers 2% accuracy and backhaul update latency lower than 10\u00a0ms during 80% of the time, which makes the solution appropriate for admission control and scheduling intervals in small cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dac.4082","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,30]],"date-time":"2019-07-30T06:00:00Z","timestamp":1564466400000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A low complexity mechanism for congestion notification in rural IPSec\u2010enabled heterogeneous backhaul networks"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Carlos","family":"Figuera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Signal Theory and Communications Rey Juan Carlos University Madrid Spain"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Morgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Signal Theory and Communications Rey Juan Carlos University Madrid Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9865-2538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esteban","family":"Municio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IDLab\u2014Department of Mathematics and Computer Science University of Antwerp\u2014imec Antwerp Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4550-0506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Sim\u00f3\u2010Reigadas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Signal Theory and Communications Rey Juan Carlos University Madrid Spain"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"BaigR RocaR NavarroL FreitagF.Guifi. Net: a network infrastructure commons. In: Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development.Singapore:ACM;2015:27.","DOI":"10.1145\/2737856.2737900"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1687-1499-2011-78"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","unstructured":"Rhizomatica.http:\/\/rhizomatica.org\/[Online; accessed 15\u2010Aug\u20102017];2015."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2016.7509376"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"HeimerlK HasanS AliK BrewerE ParikhT.Local sustainable small\u2010scale cellular networks. In: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development: Full Papers\u2010Volume 1.ACM;2013;Cape Town South Africa:2\u201012.","DOI":"10.1145\/2516604.2516616"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2013.6525591"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RazaviR ClaussenH.Urban small cell deployments: impact on the network energy consumption. In: Wireless Communications and Networking Conference Workshops (WCNCW).IEEE;2012;Paris France:47\u201052.","DOI":"10.1109\/WCNCW.2012.6215539"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2014.6815892"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"BaillargeonS JohanssonI.Conex lite for mobile networks. In: Proceedings of the 2014 ACM SIGCOMM Workshop on Capacity Sharing Workshop CSWS \u201914.ACM;2014;New York NY USA:33\u201038.http:\/\/doi.acm.org\/10.1145\/2630088.2630091","DOI":"10.1145\/2630088.2630091"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/4383945"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2015.09.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rey\u2010MorenoC Bebea\u2010GonzalezI Foche\u2010PerezI Quispe\u2010TacasR Li\u00f1\u00e1n\u2010BenitezL Simo\u2010ReigadasJ.A telemedicine wifi network optimized for long distances in the amazonian jungle of Peru. In: Proceedings of the 3rd Extreme Conference on Communication: The Amazon Expedition.ACM;2011;Manaus Brazil:9.","DOI":"10.1145\/2414393.2414402"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","unstructured":"3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; UTRAN Iu interface data transport and transport signaling. 3GPP TS 25414;2012."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","unstructured":"3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; Iuh interface data transport (Release 13). 3GPP TS 25444;2015."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KentS SeoK.Security architecture for the Internet protocol;2005.","DOI":"10.17487\/rfc4301"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CasadoM KoponenT ShenkerS TootoonchianA.Fabric: a retrospective on evolving SDN. In: Proceedings of the First Workshop on Hot Topics in Software Defined Networks.Helsinki Finland:ACM;2012:85\u201090.","DOI":"10.1145\/2342441.2342459"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2534169.2486019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MIM.2015.7066685"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SURV.2013.081313.00105"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2013.092413.130221"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-net.2014.0081"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2013.6588655"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CuiZ AdveR.Joint user association and resource allocation in small cell networks with backhaul constraints. In: 2014 48th Annual Conference on Information Sciences and Systems (CISS).IEEE;2014;Princeton NJ USA:1\u20106.","DOI":"10.1109\/CISS.2014.6814100"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MarschP FettweisG.Rate region of the multi\u2010cell multiple access channel under backhaul and latency constraints. In: 2008 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference.IEEE;2008:830\u2010834.","DOI":"10.1109\/WCNC.2008.152"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costa\u2010RequenaJ.Sdn integration in LTE mobile backhaul networks. In: The International Conference on Information Networking 2014 (ICOIN2014).IEEE;2014;Phuket Thailand:264\u2010269.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICOIN.2014.6799479"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2873984"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2018.2837161"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2018.2871061"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpe.4728"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","unstructured":"WijesinhaAL SongY\u2010t KrishnanM MathurV AhnJ ShyamasundarV.Throughput measurement for UDP traffic in an IEEE 802.11g WLAN. In: Sixth International Conference on Software Engineering Artificial Intelligence Networking and Parallel\/Distributed Computing and First ACIS International Workshop on Self\u2010Assembling Wireless Network.IEEE;2005;Towson MD USA:220\u2010225."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","unstructured":"HubertB GrafT MaxwellG et al.Linux advanced routing & traffic control;2002."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","unstructured":"LucenteP.pmacct: steps forward interface counters. Tech Rep;2008."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","unstructured":"RattaroC BelzarenaP.Throughput prediction in wireless networks using statistical learning. In: LAWDN \u2010 Latin\u2010American Workshop on Dynamic Networks.Buenos Aires Argentina;2010:4."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RamakrishnanK FloydS BlackD.The addition of explicit congestion notification (ECN) to IP;2001.","DOI":"10.17487\/rfc3168"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"WesterlundM JohanssonI PerkinsC O\u2019HanlonP CarlbergK.Explicit congestion notification (ECN) for RTP over UDP;2012.","DOI":"10.17487\/rfc6679"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/90.251892"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"StewartR.Stream control transmission protocol. IETF RFC 4960;2007.","DOI":"10.17487\/rfc4960"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KohlerE HandleyM FloydS.Datagram congestion control protocol (DCCP). IETF RFC 4340;2006.","DOI":"10.17487\/rfc4340"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"WingD.Symmetric RTP\/RTP control protocol (RTCP);2007.","DOI":"10.17487\/rfc4961"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RamakrishnanK FloydS.A proposal to add explicit congestion notification (ECN) to IP;1998.","DOI":"10.17487\/rfc2481"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AvalloneS GuadagnoS EmmaD PescapeA VentreG.D\u2010ITG distributed internet traffic generator. In: First International Conference on the Quantitative Evaluation of Systems (QEST 2004).IEEE;2004;Enschede The Netherlands:316\u2010317.","DOI":"10.1109\/QEST.2004.1348045"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/26.103043"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Communication Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fdac.4082","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/dac.4082","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,9]],"date-time":"2023-09-09T00:12:23Z","timestamp":1694218343000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/dac.4082"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,29]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/dac.4082"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dac.4082","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1074-5351","1099-1131"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1074-5351","type":"print"},{"value":"1099-1131","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-05-25","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-06-10","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-07-29","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}