{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,7]],"date-time":"2023-10-07T01:55:42Z","timestamp":1696643742792},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,7,31]],"date-time":"2003-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1059609600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":152,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Complexity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,3]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>The emergence of self\u2010replicating programs from an initially disordered \u201cprebiotic\u201d phase consisting of randomly generated opcodes (virtual machine instructions) is a challenging problem. The computer world, Amoeba, has many virtual CPUs acting upon sequences of randomly generated codons (opcode templates). An assignment matrix degenerately maps these codons to a genetic basis set of opcodes, analogous to the translation of nucleotides to amino acids. Amoeba self\u2010organizes by increasing assignment probabilities for those codon\u2010opcode pairs in successfully generated children. This halves the effective size of the opcode basis set, doubling the rate of emergence over the control case (random assignments). \u00a9 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cplx.10095","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,8,1]],"date-time":"2003-08-01T10:15:55Z","timestamp":1059732955000},"page":"69-78","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Self\u2010organizing genetic codes and the emergence of digital life"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Andrew","family":"Pargellis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-2789(95)00268-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-2789(96)00089-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","unstructured":"2000 Reed College Portland A.N. Pargellis B. Yurke C.C. Maley E. Boudreau Spontaneous generation and colony formation in the Amoeba world 71 73"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/106454601300328025"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","first-page":"371","volume-title":"Artificial Life II","author":"Ray T.","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/artl.1993.1.1_2.179"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","first-page":"377","volume-title":"Artificial Life IV","author":"Adami C.","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-1650-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","first-page":"269","volume-title":"Artificial Life IV","author":"Adami C.","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-2789(95)90073-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/23245"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0200-90"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/374227a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.132266999"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.286.5440.690"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.289.5483.1337"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_2","volume-title":"Molecular Biology of the Cell","author":"Alberts B.","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_2","volume-title":"Information Theory and Molecular Biology","author":"Yockey P.","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0481-88"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00623322"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-2789(90)90070-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_2","volume-title":"Theory of Self\u2010Reproducing Automata","author":"von Neumann J.","year":"1966"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_2","volume-title":"Introduction to the Theory of Computation","author":"Sipser M.","year":"1997"}],"container-title":["Complexity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fcplx.10095","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cplx.10095","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]],"date-time":"2023-09-12T05:08:34Z","timestamp":1694495314000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/cplx.10095"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,3]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/cplx.10095"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cplx.10095","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1076-2787","1099-0526"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1076-2787","type":"print"},{"value":"1099-0526","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,3]]}}}