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Therefore, it is necessary to keep track of the available resources\u2014a problem which is known to be notoriously difficult. In this article we argue that resource tracking must be provided as the standard functionality in the lower parts of the software stack. We propose a general solution to resource tracking: the Join\u2013Elect\u2013Leave (JEL) model. JEL provides unified<\/jats:italic> resource tracking for parallel and distributed applications across environments. JEL is a simple yet powerful model based on notifying when resources have Joined<\/jats:italic> or Left<\/jats:italic> the computation. We demonstrate that JEL is suitable for resource tracking in a wide variety of programming models, ranging from the fixed resource sets traditionally used in MPI\u20101 to flexible grid\u2010oriented programming models. We compare several JEL implementations, and show these to perform and scale well in several real\u2010world scenarios involving grids, clouds and P2P systems applied concurrently, and wide\u2010area systems with failing resources. Using JEL, we have won the first prize in a number of international distributed computing competitions. 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