Unicode 4.0 Web Bookmarks

About this page

This page contains hyperlinks to the online edition of The Unicode Standard, Version 4.0. The Unicode 4.0.0 page lists the contents of the book with links to each PDF file in the online edition.

Acknowledgments

• Full Members
• Current Associate Members
• Current Liaison Members
• Current Specialist Members
• Current Individual Members
• Current Members of the Board of Directors
• Former Members of the Board of Directors

Contents

• Acknowledgments iii
• Figures xxiii
• Tables xxv
• Preface xxxi
• 1 Introduction 1
• 2 General Structure 11
• 3 Conformance 55
• 4 Character Properties 95
• 5 Implementation Guidelines 107
• 6 Writing Systems and Punctuation 147
• 7 European Alphabetic Scripts 165
• 8 Middle Eastern Scripts 191
• 9 South Asian Scripts 217
• 10 Southeast Asian Scripts 265
• 11 East Asian Scripts 291
• 12 Additional Modern Scripts 321
• 13 Archaic Scripts 337
• 14 Symbols 349
• 15 Special Areas and Format Characters 383
• 16 Code Charts 413
• 17 Han Radical-Stroke Index 1189
• A Han Unification History 1341
• B Abstracts of Unicode Technical Reports 1343
• C Relationship to ISO/IEC 10646 1347
• D Changes from Unicode Version 3.0 1355
• G Glossary 1363
• R References 1385
• I Indices 1407

Figures

Tables

Preface

• 0.1 About the Unicode Standard
  • Concepts, Architecture, Conformance, and Guidelines
  • Character Block Descriptions
  • Charts and Han Radical-Stroke Index
  • Appendices
• 0.2 The Unicode Character Database and Technical Reports
  • On the CD-ROM
• 0.3 Notational Conventions
  • Code Points
  • Character Names
  • Sequences
  • Miscellaneous
  • Extended BNF
  • Operators
• 0.4 Resources
  • Unicode Web Site
  • Unicode Anonymous FTP Site
  • Unicode E-mail Discussion List
  • How to Contact the Unicode Consortium

Introduction

• 1.1 Coverage
  • Standards Coverage
  • New Characters
• 1.2 Design Goals
• 1.3 Text Handling
  • Interpreting Characters
  • Text Elements
• 1.4 The Unicode Standard and ISO/IEC 10646
• 1.5 The Unicode Consortium
  • The Unicode Technical Committee
• 1.6 Submitting New Characters

General Structure

• 2.1 Architectural Context
  • Basic Text Processes
  • Text Elements, Characters, and Text Processes
  • Text Processes and Encoding
• 2.2 Unicode Design Principles
  • Universality
  • Efficiency
  • Characters, Not Glyphs
  • Semantics
  • Plain Text
  • Logical Order
  • Unification
  • Dynamic Composition
  • Equivalent Sequences
  • Convertibility
• 2.3 Compatibility Characters
  • Compatibility Characters
  • Compatibility Decomposable Characters
  • Mapping Compatibility Characters
• 2.4 Code Points and Characters
  • Types of Code Points
• 2.5 Encoding Forms
  • UTF-32
  • UTF-16
  • UTF-8
  • Comparison of the Advantages of UTF-32, UTF-16, and UTF-8
• 2.6 Encoding Schemes
• 2.7 Unicode Strings
• 2.8 Unicode Allocation
  • Planes
  • Allocation Areas and Character Blocks
  • Details of Allocation
  • Assignment of Code Points
• 2.9 Writing Direction
• 2.10 Combining Characters
  • Sequence of Base Characters and Diacritics
  • Multiple Combining Characters
  • Ligated Multiple Base Characters
  • Spacing Clones of European Diacritical Marks
  • "Characters" and Grapheme Clusters
• 2.11 Special Characters and Noncharacters
  • Byte Order Mark (BOM)
  • Special Noncharacter Code Points
  • Layout and Format Control Characters
  • The Replacement Character
  • Control Codes
• 2.12 Conforming to the Unicode Standard
  • Supported Subsets
• 2.13 Related Publications

Conformance

• 3.1 Versions of the Unicode Standard
  • Stability
  • Version Numbering
  • Errata, Corrigenda, and Future Updates
  • References to the Unicode Standard
  • References to Unicode Character Properties
  • References to Unicode Algorithms
• 3.2 Conformance Requirements
  • Byte Ordering
  • Unassigned Code Points
  • Interpretation
  • Modification
  • Character Encoding Forms
  • Character Encoding Schemes
  • Bidirectional Text
  • Normalization Forms
  • Normative References
  • Unicode Algorithms
  • Default Casing Operations
  • Unicode Standard Annexes
• 3.3 Semantics
  • Definitions
  • Character Identity and Semantics
• 3.4 Characters and Encoding
• 3.5 Properties
  • Normative and Informative Properties
  • Simple and Derived Properties
  • Property Aliases
  • Default Property Values
  • Private Use
• 3.6 Combination
• 3.7 Decomposition
  • Compatibility Decomposition
  • Canonical Decomposition
• 3.8 Surrogates
• 3.9 Unicode Encoding Forms
  • UTF-32
  • UTF-16
  • UTF-8
  • Encoding Form Conversion
• 3.10 Unicode Encoding Schemes
• 3.11 Canonical Ordering Behavior
  • Application of Combining Marks
  • Combining Classes
  • Canonical Ordering
  • Canonical Ordering and Collation
• 3.12 Conjoining Jamo Behavior
  • Hangul Syllable Boundaries
  • Standard Korean Syllables
  • Hangul Syllable Composition
  • Hangul Syllable Decomposition
  • Hangul Syllable Names
• 3.13 Default Case Operations
  • Definitions
  • Case Conversion of Strings
  • Case Detection for Strings
  • Caseless Matching

Character Properties

• 4.1 Unicode Character Database
• 4.2 Case-Normative
  • Case Mapping
• 4.3 Combining Classes-Normative
• 4.4 Directionality-Normative
• 4.5 General Category-Normative
• 4.6 Numeric Value-Normative
  • Ideographic Numeric Values
• 4.7 Bidi Mirrored-Normative
• 4.8 Unicode 1.0 Names
• 4.9 Letters, Alphabetic, and Ideographic
• 4.10 Boundary Control
• 4.11 Characters with Unusual Properties

Implementation Guidelines

• 5.1 Transcoding to Other Standards
  • Issues
  • Multistage Tables
• 5.2 ANSI/ISO C wchar_t
• 5.3 Unknown and Missing Characters
  • Reserved and Private-Use Character Codes
  • Interpretable but Unrenderable Characters
  • Default Property Values
  • Default Ignorable Code Points
  • Interacting with Downlevel Systems
• 5.4 Handling Surrogate Pairs in UTF-16
• 5.5 Handling Numbers
• 5.6 Normalization
• 5.7 Compression
• 5.8 Newline Guidelines
  • Definitions
  • Background
  • Recommendations
• 5.9 Regular Expressions
• 5.10 Language Information in Plain Text
  • Requirements for Language Tagging
  • Language Tags and Han Unification
• 5.11 Editing and Selection
  • Consistent Text Elements
• 5.12 Strategies for Handling Nonspacing Marks
  • Keyboard Input
  • Truncation
• 5.13 Rendering Nonspacing Marks
  • Canonical Equivalence
  • Positioning Methods
• 5.14 Locating Text Element Boundaries
• 5.15 Identifiers
  • Property-Based Identifier Syntax
  • Syntactic Rule
  • Alternative Recommendation
• 5.16 Sorting and Searching
  • Culturally Expected Sorting and Searching
  • Language-Insensitive Sorting
  • Searching
  • Sublinear Searching
• 5.17 Binary Order
  • UTF-8 in UTF-16 Order
  • UTF-16 in UTF-8 Order
• 5.18 Case Mappings
  • Complications for Case Mapping
  • Reversibility
  • Caseless Matching
  • Normalization
• 5.19 Unicode Security
• 5.20 Default Ignorable Code Points

Writing Systems and Punctuation

• 6.1 Writing Systems
• 6.2 General Punctuation
  • Punctuation: U+0020-U+00BF
  • General Punctuation: U+2000-U+206F
  • CJK Symbols and Punctuation: U+3000-U+303F
  • CJK Compatibility Forms: U+FE30-U+FE4F
  • Small Form Variants: U+FE50-U+FE6F

European Alphabetic Scripts

• 7.1 Latin
  • Letters of Basic Latin: U+0041-U+007A
  • Letters of the Latin-1 Supplement: U+00C0-U+00FF
  • Latin Extended-A: U+0100-U+017F
  • Latin Extended-B: U+0180-U+024F
  • IPA Extensions: U+0250-U+02AF
  • Phonetic Extensions: U+1D00-U+1D6A
  • Latin Extended Additional: U+1E00-U+1EFF
  • Latin Ligatures: FB00-FB06
• 7.2 Greek
  • Greek: U+0370-U+03FF
  • Greek Extended: U+1F00-U+1FFF
• 7.3 Cyrillic
  • Cyrillic: U+0400-U+04FF
  • Cyrillic Supplement: U+0500-U+052F
• 7.4 Armenian
  • Armenian: U+0530-U+058F
• 7.5 Georgian
  • Georgian: U+10A0-U+10FF
• 7.6 Modifier Letters
  • Spacing Modifier Letters: U+02B0-U+02FF
• 7.7 Combining Marks
  • Combining Diacritical Marks: U+0300-U+036F
  • Combining Marks for Symbols: U+20D0-U+20FF
  • Combining Half Marks: U+FE20-U+FE2F

Middle Eastern Scripts

• 8.1 Hebrew
  • Hebrew: U+0590-U+05FF
  • Alphabetic Presentation Forms: U+FB1D-U+FB4F
• 8.2 Arabic
  • Arabic: U+0600-U+06FF
• Cursive Joining
• Ligatures
  • Arabic Presentation Forms-A: U+FB50-U+FDFF
  • Arabic Presentation Forms-B: U+FE70-U+FEFF
• 8.3 Syriac
  • Syriac: U+0700-U+074F
• Syriac Shaping
• Syriac Cursive Joining
• Ligatures
• 8.4 Thaana
  • Thaana: U+0780-U+07BF

South Asian Scripts

• 9.1 Devanagari
  • Devanagari: U+0900-U+097F
• 9.2 Bengali
  • Bengali: U+0980-U+09FF
• 9.3 Gurmukhi
  • Gurmukhi: U+0A00-U+0A7F
• 9.4 Gujarati
  • Gujarati: U+0A80-U+0AFF
• 9.5 Oriya
  • Oriya: U+0B00-U+0B7F
• 9.6 Tamil
  • Tamil: U+0B80-U+0BFF
• 9.7 Telugu
  • Telugu: U+0C00-U+0C7F
• 9.8 Kannada
  • Kannada: U+0C80-U+0CFF
• 9.9 Malayalam
  • Malayalam: U+0D00-U+0D7F
• 9.10 Sinhala
  • Sinhala: U+0D80-U+0DFF
• 9.11 Tibetan
  • Tibetan: U+0F00-U+0FFF
• 9.12 Limbu
  • Limbu: U+1900-U+194F

Southeast Asian Scripts

• 10.1 Thai
  • Thai: U+0E00-U+0E7F
• 10.2 Lao
  • Lao: U+0E80-U+0EFF
• 10.3 Myanmar
  • Myanmar: U+1000-U+109F
• 10.4 Khmer
  • Khmer: U+1780-U+17FF
  • Khmer Symbols: U+19E0-U+19FF
• 10.5 Tai Le
  • Tai Le: U+1950-U+197F
• 10.6 Philippine Scripts
  • Tagalog: U+1700-U+171F
  • Hanunóo: U+1720-U+173F
  • Buhid: U+1740-U+175F
  • Tagbanwa: U+1760-U+177F

East Asian Scripts

• 11.1 Han
  • CJK Unified Ideographs
  • CJK Unified Ideographs Ext. B: U+20000-U+2A6D6
  • CJK Compatibility Ideographs: U+F900-U+FAFF
  • CJK Compatibility Supplement: U+2F800-U+2FA1D
  • Kanbun: U+3190-U+319F
  • CJK and KangXi Radicals: U+2E80-U+2FD5
  • Ideographic Description: U+2FF0-U+2FFB
• 11.2 Bopomofo
  • Bopomofo: U+3100-U+312F
• 11.3 Hiragana and Katakana
  • Hiragana: U+3040-U+309F
  • Katakana: U+30A0-U+30FF
  • Katakana Phonetic Extensions: U+31F0-U+31FF
  • Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms: U+FF00-U+FFEF
• 11.4 Hangul
  • Hangul Jamo: U+1100-U+11FF
  • Hangul Compatibility Jamo: U+3130-U+318F
  • Hangul Syllables: U+AC00-U+D7A3
• 11.5 Yi
  • Yi: U+A000-U+A4CF

Additional Modern Scripts

• 12.1 Ethiopic
  • Ethiopic: U+1200-U+137F
• 12.2 Mongolian
  • Mongolian: U+1800-U+18AF
• 12.3 Osmanya
  • Osmanya: U+10480-U+104AF
• 12.4 Cherokee
  • Cherokee: U+13A0-U+13FF
• 12.5 Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics
  • Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics: U+1400-U+167F
• 12.6 Deseret
  • Deseret: U+10400-U+1044F
• 12.7 Shavian
  • Shavian: U+10450-U+1047F

Archaic Scripts

• 13.1 Ogham
  • Ogham: U+1680-U+169F
• 13.2 Old Italic
  • Old Italic: U+10300-U+1032F
• 13.3 Runic
  • Runic: U+16A0-U+16F0
• 13.4 Gothic
  • Gothic: U+10330-U+1034F
• 13.5 Ugaritic
  • Ugaritic: U+10380-U+1039F
• 13.6 Linear B
  • Linear B Syllabary: U+10000-U+1007F
  • Linear B Ideograms: U+10080-U+108FF
  • Aegean Numbers: U+10100-U+1013F
• 13.7 Cypriot Syllabary
  • Cypriot Syllabary: U+10800-U+1083F

Symbols

• 14.1 Currency Symbols
  • Currency Symbols: U+20A0-U+20CF
• 14.2 Letterlike Symbols
  • Letterlike Symbols: U+2100-U+214F
  • Math Alphanumeric Symbols: U+1D400-U+1D7FF
  • Mathematical Alphabets
  • Fonts Used for Mathematical Alphabets
• 14.3 Number Forms
  • Number Forms: U+2150-U+218F
  • Superscripts and Subscripts: U+2070-U+209F
• 14.4 Mathematical Symbols
  • Mathematical Operators: U+2200-U+22FF
  • Supplements to Mathematical Symbols and Arrows
  • Supplemental Math Operators: U+2A00-U+2AFF
  • Miscellaneous Math Symbols-A: U+27C0-U+27EF
  • Miscellaneous Math Symbols-B: U+2980-U+29FF
  • Arrows: U+2190-U+21FF
  • Supplemental Arrows
  • Standardized Variants of Mathematical Symbols
• 14.5 Technical Symbols
  • Control Pictures: U+2400-U+243F
  • Miscellaneous Technical: U+2300-U+23FF
  • Optical Character Recognition: U+2440-U+245F
• 14.6 Geometrical Symbols
  • Box Drawing: U+2500-U+257F
  • Block Elements: U+2580-U+259F
  • Geometric Shapes: U+25A0-U+25FF
• 14.7 Miscellaneous Symbols and Dingbats
  • Miscellaneous Symbols: U+2600-U+26FF
  • Dingbats: U+2700-U+27BF
  • Yijing Hexagram Symbols: U+4DC0-U+4DFF
  • Tai Xuan Jing Symbols: U+1D300-U+1D356
• 14.8 Enclosed and Square
  • Enclosed Alphanumerics: U+2460-U+24FF
  • Enclosed CJK Letters and Months: U+3200-U+32FF
  • CJK Compatibility: U+3300-U+33FF
• 14.9 Braille
  • Braille Patterns: U+2800-U+28FF
• 14.10 Byzantine Musical Symbols
  • Byzantine Musical Symbols: U+1D000-U+1D0FF
• 14.11 Western Musical Symbols
  • Musical Symbols: U+1D100-U+1D1FF

Special Areas and Format Characters

• 15.1 Control Codes
• 15.2 Layout Controls
• 15.3 Invisible Operators
• 15.4 Deprecated Format Characters
  • Deprecated Format Characters: U+206A-U+206F
• 15.5 Surrogates Area
  • Surrogates Area: U+D800-U+DFFF
• 15.6 Variation Selectors
• 15.7 Private-Use Characters
  • Private Use Area: U+E000-U+F8FF
  • Supplementary Private Use Areas
• 15.8 Noncharacters
  • Noncharacters: U+FFFE, U+FFFF, and Others
• 15.9 Specials
  • Specials: U+FEFF, U+FFF0-U+FFFD
• 15.10 Tag Characters
  • Tag Characters: U+E0000-U+E007F

Code Charts

• 16.1 Character Names List
  • Images in the Code Charts and Character Lists
  • Character Names
  • Aliases
  • Cross References
  • Information About Languages
  • Case Mappings
  • Decompositions
  • Reserved Characters
  • Noncharacters
  • Subheads
• 16.2 CJK Unified Ideographs
• 16.3 Hangul Syllables

Han Radical-Stroke Index

Han Unification History

Abstracts of Unicode Technical Reports

• B.1 Unicode Standard Annexes
  • UAX #9: The Bidirectional Algorithm
  • UAX #11: East Asian Width
  • UAX #14: Line Breaking Properties
  • UAX #15: Unicode Normalization Forms
  • UAX #24: Script Names
  • UAX #29: Text Boundaries
• B.2 Unicode Technical Standards
  • UTS #6: A Standard Compression Scheme for Unicode
  • UTS #10: Unicode Collation Algorithm
• B.3 Unicode Technical Reports
  • UTR #16: UTF-EBCDIC
  • UTR #17: Character Encoding Model
  • UTR #18: Unicode Regular Expression Guidelines
  • UTR #20: Unicode in XML and Other Markup Languages
  • UTR #22: Character Mapping Markup Language (CharMapML)
  • UTR #26: Compatibility Encoding Scheme for UTF-16: 8-Bit (CESU-8)
• B.4 Other Unicode References
  • Unicode Technical Notes
  • FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions)
  • Charts
  • Conferences
  • Policies
  • Updates and Errata
  • Versions
  • Where Is My Character?

Relationship to ISO/IEC 10646

• C.1 History
  • Unicode 1.0
  • Unicode 2.0
  • Unicode 3.0
  • Unicode 4.0
• C.2 Encoding Forms in ISO/IEC 10646
  • Zero Extending
• C.3 UCS Transformation Formats
  • UTF-8
  • UTF-16
• C.4 Synchronization of the Standards
• C.5 Identification of Features for the Unicode Standard
• C.6 Character Names
• C.7 Character Functional Specifications

Changes from Unicode Version 3.0

• D.1 Versions of the Unicode Standard
• D.2 Changes from Unicode Version 3.0 to Version 3.1
  • New Characters Added
  • Unicode Character Database Changes
  • Changes Affecting Conformance
  • Unicode Standard Annexes
• D.3 Changes from Unicode Version 3.1 to Version 3.2
  • New Characters Added
  • Unicode Character Database Changes
  • Changes Affecting Conformance
  • Unicode Standard Annexes
• D.4 Changes from Unicode Version 3.2 to Version 4.0
  • New Characters Added
  • Unicode Character Database Changes
  • Changes Affecting Conformance
  • Unicode Standard Annexes
  • Errata

Glossary

References

• R.1 Source Standards and Specifications
• R.2 Source Dictionaries for Han Unification
• R.3 Other Sources for the Unicode Standard
• R.4 Selected Resources: Technical
• R.5 Selected Resources: Scripts and Languages

Indices

• I.1 Unicode Names Index

I.2 General Index

• A
• B
• C
• D
• E
• F
• G
• H
• I
• J
• K
• L
• M
• N
• O
• P
• Q
• R
• S
• T
• U
• V
• W
• X
• Y
• Z