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. 2015 May 20;15(5):11628-52.
doi: 10.3390/s150511628.

An energy-efficient transmission scheme for real-time data in wireless sensor networks

Jin-Woo Kim  1 , José Ramón Ramos Barrado  2 , Dong-Keun Jeon  3
Affiliations

An energy-efficient transmission scheme for real-time data in wireless sensor networks

Jin-Woo Kim et al. Sensors (Basel). .

Abstract

The Internet of things (IoT) is a novel paradigm where all things or objects in daily life can communicate with other devices and provide services over the Internet. Things or objects need identifying, sensing, networking and processing capabilities to make the IoT paradigm a reality. The IEEE 802.15.4 standard is one of the main communication protocols proposed for the IoT. The IEEE 802.15.4 standard provides the guaranteed time slot (GTS) mechanism that supports the quality of service (QoS) for the real-time data transmission. In spite of some QoS features in IEEE 802.15.4 standard, the problem of end-to-end delay still remains. In order to solve this problem, we propose a cooperative medium access scheme (MAC) protocol for real-time data transmission. We also evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme through simulation. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme can improve the network performance.

Keywords: D2D communication; IEEE 802.15.4; Internet of Things; carbon fiber; glass fiber; wireless sensor network.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
TCP/IP stack and IoT protocol stack.
Figure 2
Figure 2
IEEE 802.15.4 superframe structure.
Figure 3
Figure 3
The proposed superframe structure.
Figure 4
Figure 4
The flow chart of coordinator using the cooperative MAC structure.
Figure 5
Figure 5
The format of a D2D request command frame.
Figure 6
Figure 6
The format of the proposed beacon frame.
Figure 7
Figure 7
The format of the D2D field.
Figure 8
Figure 8
The format of D2D Descriptor.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Message sequence chart for D2D allocation initiated by a device.
Figure 10
Figure 10
Message sequence chart for D2D deallocation initiated by a device.
Figure 11
Figure 11
Message sequence chart for D2D deallocation initiated by a coordinator.
Figure 12
Figure 12
The flow of data frames and resource allocation in the proposed scheme.
Figure 13
Figure 13
Throughput comparison.
Figure 14
Figure 14
Variation of throughput with packet size given number of devices = 20.
Figure 15
Figure 15
The throughput as a function of the average SNR.
Figure 16
Figure 16
End-to-End delay according to beacon order.
Figure 17
Figure 17
End-to-End delay for different node densities.
Figure 18
Figure 18
The transmission success ratio versus the number of nodes.
Figure 19
Figure 19
The energy consumption of device versus the average SNR.
Figure 20
Figure 20
The energy consumption of device versus the distance between coordinator and end device.
Figure 21
Figure 21
The total energy consumption of devices versus the number of maximum retransmissions.
Figure 22
Figure 22
The energy consumption of device versus the number of devices in the network.
Figure 23
Figure 23
The lifetime of devices which transmit and receive the real-time data under different percentage of duty cycle.
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