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. 2014 Dec 24;15(1):214-33.
doi: 10.3390/s150100214.

Evaluation of the leap motion controller as a new contact-free pointing device

Daniel Bachmann  1 , Frank Weichert  2 , Gerhard Rinkenauer  3
Affiliations

Evaluation of the leap motion controller as a new contact-free pointing device

Daniel Bachmann et al. Sensors (Basel). .

Abstract

This paper presents a Fitts' law-based analysis of the user's performance in selection tasks with the Leap Motion Controller compared with a standard mouse device. The Leap Motion Controller (LMC) is a new contact-free input system for gesture-based human-computer interaction with declared sub-millimeter accuracy. Up to this point, there has hardly been any systematic evaluation of this new system available. With an error rate of 7.8% for the LMC and 2.8% for the mouse device, movement times twice as large as for a mouse device and high overall effort ratings, the Leap Motion Controller's performance as an input device for everyday generic computer pointing tasks is rather limited, at least with regard to the selection recognition provided by the LMC.

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Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Visualization of a (a) real (using infrared imaging) and (b) 3D model of the Leap Motion Controller with the coordinate system.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Experimental set-up: (a) participant using the mouse controller and (b) utilizing the Leap Motion Controller (LMC) to perform selection tasks.
Figure 3.
Figure 3.
Scaled illustrations of the graphical user interface. Selected targets are displayed in gray; selectable targets are colored green: (a) the additional custom-designed training phase for the LMC pointing task; and (b) the interface for the pointing task.
Figure 4.
Figure 4.
Results of the experiment: (a) error rate (ER) by device and index of difficulty (ID); (b) movement time (MT) by device and ID with linear regression lines fitted to the data; (c) throughput (TP) by block and device; and (d) TP by block and gender. Error bars indicate the 95-percent confidence intervals.
Figure 5.
Figure 5.
Result of the experiment: throughput (TP), the main indicator to estimate the performance of users as a function of device and ID number.
Figure 6.
Figure 6.
Aggregate accumulator plots for different indices of difficulty: (a) ID = 1.0, (b,c) ID = 2.3 and (d) ID = 4.1.
Figure 7.
Figure 7.
Analysis of the interaction between target distance (40 vs. 160 mm) and target width (10 vs. 40 mm). Trajectories were fitted to ellipses, and the ratios of the resulting radii were used as indices of circularity.
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