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. 2014 Dec 17;14(12):24278-304.
doi: 10.3390/s141224278.

HiCoDG: a hierarchical data-gathering scheme using cooperative multiple mobile elements

Duc Van Le  1 , Hoon Oh  2 , Seokhoon Yoon  3
Affiliations

HiCoDG: a hierarchical data-gathering scheme using cooperative multiple mobile elements

Duc Van Le et al. Sensors (Basel). .

Abstract

In this paper, we study mobile element (ME)-based data-gathering schemes in wireless sensor networks. Due to the physical speed limits of mobile elements, the existing data-gathering schemes that use mobile elements can suffer from high data-gathering latency. In order to address this problem, this paper proposes a new hierarchical and cooperative data-gathering (HiCoDG) scheme that enables multiple mobile elements to cooperate with each other to collect and relay data. In HiCoDG, two types of mobile elements are used: the mobile collector (MC) and the mobile relay (MR). MCs collect data from sensors and forward them to the MR, which will deliver them to the sink. In this work, we also formulated an integer linear programming (ILP) optimization problem to find the optimal trajectories for MCs and the MR, such that the traveling distance of MEs is minimized. Two variants of HiCoDG, intermediate station (IS)-based and cooperative movement scheduling (CMS)-based, are proposed to facilitate cooperative data forwarding from MCs to the MR. An analytical model for estimating the average data-gathering latency in HiCoDG was also designed. Simulations were performed to compare the performance of the IS and CMS variants, as well as a multiple traveling salesman problem (mTSP)-based approach. The simulation results show that HiCoDG outperforms mTSP in terms of latency. The results also show that CMS can achieve the lowest latency with low energy consumption.

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Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
An overview of HiCoDG.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
An example of sink position-based grouping.
Figure 3.
Figure 3.
Cooperative movement time scheduling.
Figure 4.
Figure 4.
Time components of data latency.
Figure 5.
Figure 5.
Estimation of the average waiting time of a packet in the buffer.
Figure 6.
Figure 6.
Estimating the waiting time of a packet in the MP. (a) Case 1: Zh < Yl; (b) Case 2: Zh ≥ Yl.
Figure 7.
Figure 7.
Average data gathering latency from estimation and simulation (mean ± standard deviation). (a) Configuration 1; (b) Configuration 2.
Figure 8.
Figure 8.
Movement paths of mobile elements. (a) Path by HiCoDG with SPG; (b) Path by HiCoDG with K-means; (c) Path by mTSP.
Figure 9.
Figure 9.
Effects of movement speed on maximum data-gathering latency.
Figure 10.
Figure 10.
Effects of movement speed on average data-gathering latency.
Figure 11.
Figure 11.
Maximum data-gathering latency over time.
Figure 12.
Figure 12.
Average data-gathering latency over time.
Figure 13.
Figure 13.
Effects of movement speed on energy consumption.
Figure 14.
Figure 14.
Effects of movement speed on maximum number of packets in buffer of MEs.
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