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. 2010 Jun 3;16(3):588-599.
doi: 10.1109/JSTQE.2009.2037023.

Intravascular Photoacoustic Imaging

Bo Wang  1 , Jimmy L Su, Andrei B Karpiouk, Konstantin V Sokolov, Richard W Smalling, Stanislav Y Emelianov
Affiliations

Intravascular Photoacoustic Imaging

Bo Wang et al. IEEE J Quantum Electron. .

Abstract

Intravascular photoacoustic (IVPA) imaging is a catheter-based, minimally invasive, imaging modality capable of providing high-resolution optical absorption map of the arterial wall. Integrated with intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) imaging, combined IVPA and IVUS imaging can be used to detect and characterize atherosclerotic plaques building up in the inner lining of an artery. In this paper, we present and discuss various representative applications of combined IVPA/IVUS imaging of atherosclerosis, including assessment of the composition of atherosclerotic plaques, imaging of macrophages within the plaques, and molecular imaging of biomarkers associated with formation and development of plaques. In addition, imaging of coronary artery stents using IVPA and IVUS imaging is demonstrated. Furthermore, the design of an integrated IVUS/IVPA imaging catheter needed for in vivo clinical applications is discussed.

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Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
(a) Block diagram of a combined IVUS/IVPA imaging system. (b) and (c) Two laboratory prototypes of the imaging system with laser light delivered from outside or inside of the lumen.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
(a)–(c) Cross-sectional and (d)–(f) 3-D IVUS images [(a) and (d)], IVPA images [(b) and (e)], and combined IVUS/IVPA images [(c) and (f)] of a tissue mimicking phantom with a spiral inclusion embedded in the phantom wall. Adapted from [21].
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Optical absorption spectra of potential tissues in atherosclerotic plaques [24], [25].
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Spectroscopic (first derivative) IVPA images of: (a) the atherosclerotic and (b) control aorta calculated at 900 nm using a finite differences approach. The reference image for evaluating the first derivative was obtained at 680 nm. Adapted from [23].
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Variations in the relative energy of the photoacoustic responses with wavelength observed in: (a) atherosclerotic and (b) control aorta. The energy values were calculated from the regions marked 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 in Fig. 4. Adapted from [23].
Fig. 6
Fig. 6
Biomarkers that are presented during the development of atherosclerotic lesion. Adapted from [29].
Fig. 7
Fig. 7
Optical absorbance spectra of Au NPs and cells loaded with NPs. The spectra were normalized to their maximum absorbance within 450–800 nm wavelength.
Fig. 8
Fig. 8
(a) Diagram and (d) IVUS image of the tissue mimicking vessel phantom with four compartments. The IVPA images of the same cross section of the phantom were taken at (b) 532 nm and (e) 680 nm wavelength. The combined IVUS and IVPA images of the phantom: (c) −532 and (f) −680 nm wavelength, indicating the origin of the photoacoustic responses in IVPA images. Adapted from [43].
Fig. 9
Fig. 9
(a) IVUS image and (b) 700 nm IVPA image of a diseased rabbit aorta injected with macrophages loaded with Au NPs. Arrows indicate the locations of three injections of macrophages loaded with Au NPs. (c) Normalized photoacoustic signal at various wavelengths recorded from one of the locations. (d) Result of ICC analysis—the correlation coefficient higher than 0.75 is color coded and overlaid onto the IVUS image to identify the injection regions.
Fig. 10
Fig. 10
(Left column) IVUS, (middle column) IVPA, and (right column) combined IVUS/IVPA images from the three different stent regions in the vessel. (a) Stent embedded within the vessel. (b) Stent adjacent to lumen wall. (c) Stent detached from lumen wall. Due to the fabrication of this section of the PVA phantom, a thin layer of PVA was formed on the surface of the stent. This PVA film is the source of the additional inner ultrasound ring in (c), where the stent is located. Adapted from [54].
Fig. 11
Fig. 11
3-D reconstructed (a) IVUS, (b) IVPA, and (c) combined images of trisectional phantom. Individual cross sections can show the position of the stent within the vessel. Photoacoustic signal alone can assess the shape of the stent in order to determine the condition of the stent. Adapted from [54].
Fig. 12
Fig. 12
Reconstructed (a) IVUS, (b) IVPA, and (c) combined images of a stent deployed within an excised section of an atherosclerotic rabbit aorta. Stent is visible as adjacent to lumen wall.
Fig. 13
Fig. 13
(a) Schematic diagram of the light distribution near the distal end of the optical fiber. (b) Photograph of the distal end of the integrated IVUS/IVPA side fire fiber-based imaging catheter that utilizes the TIR effect. (c) Diagram of the integrated IVUS/IVPA imaging catheter showing the alignment between ultrasound and light beams. Adapted from [57].
Fig. 14
Fig. 14
Prototype of the microoptics mirror-based combined IVUS/IVPA mirror-based imaging catheter. (a) Photograph of distal end of the IVUS/IVPA imaging catheter. (b) Diagram of the catheter showing an alignment of the ultrasound and light beams. Adapted from [57].
Fig. 15
Fig. 15
Diagram of phantom with point targets used to evaluate the performance of the integrated IVUS/IVPA imaging catheters.
Fig. 16
Fig. 16
[(a) and (c)] Ultrasound and [(b) and (d)] photoacoustic images of the point-target phantom obtained using the side fire fiber-based [(a) and (b)] and the mirror-based [(c) and (d)] combined IVUS/IVPA imaging catheters. Adapted from [57].
Fig. 17
Fig. 17
Combined IVUS/IVPA imaging catheter based on a single-element mechanically rotating IVUS transducer and light delivery system consisting of bundle of optical fibers surrounding the ultrasound transducer.
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