Abstract
Estrogen acts as agonist on the estrogen receptor. The effects of estrogen may be confounded by concomitant treatment with progestins. Postmenopausal hormone therapy (HT) can be divided into: postmenopausal estrogen therapy (ET - estrogen alone), and postmenopausal estrogen-progestin therapy (EPT – estrogen plus a progestin). EPT is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, and breast cancer. ET is not associated with a significant increase in any of these. Both EPT and ET are associated with an increase in venous thromboembolism. Both EPT and ET reduce the risk of vertebral and overall fracture risk. At present use of EPT or ET should be limited to short-term treatment of severe menopausal symptoms. This review discusses the effects and side effects of EPT and ET and potential ways of avoiding some of the side effects.
Keywords: Estrogen, progestin, hormone replacement therapy, menopause, fracture, bone mineral density, breast cancer, cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease
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RARE CASES IN GYNECOLOGY-OBSTETRICS
With the development of diagnostic and therapeutic techniques (such as ART techniques) and the immersion of new pathologies (such as COVID19), we are witnessing an increase in the incidence of pathologies that were previously described as rare or exceptional. the practitioner sometimes confronts difficult situations in these cases in diagnostic ...read more
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