Impact of Statin or Fibrate Therapy on Homocysteine Concentrations: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis | Bentham Science
Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Current Medicinal Chemistry

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 0929-8673
ISSN (Online): 1875-533X

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe Translate in Chinese
Systematic Review Article

Impact of Statin or Fibrate Therapy on Homocysteine Concentrations: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Author(s): Abolfazl Akbari, Muhammad Islampanah, Hadise Arhaminiya, Mohammad Mahdi Alvandi Fard, Tannaz Jamialahmadi and Amirhossein Sahebkar*

Volume 31, Issue 14, 2024

Published on: 05 June, 2023

Page: [1920 - 1940] Pages: 21

DOI: 10.2174/0929867330666230413090416

Price: $65

Open Access Journals Promotions 2
Abstract

Introduction: Statins and fibrates are two lipid-lowering drugs used in patients with dyslipidemia. This systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to determine the magnitude of the effect of statin and fibrate therapy on serum homocysteine levels.

Methods: A search was undertaken of the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and Google Scholar electronic databases up to 15 July 2022. Primary endpoints focused on plasma homocysteine levels. Data were quantitatively analyzed using fixed or random- effect models, as appropriate. Subgroup analyses were conducted based on the drugs and hydrophilic-lipophilic balance of statins.

Results: After screening 1134 papers, 52 studies with a total of 20651 participants were included in the meta-analysis. The analysis showed a significant decrease in plasma homocysteine levels after statin therapy (WMD: -1.388 μmol/L, 95% CI: [-2.184, -0.592], p = 0.001; I2 = 95%). However, fibrate therapy significantly increased plasma homocysteine levels (WMD: 3.459 μmol/L, 95% CI: [2.849, 4.069], p < 0.001; I2 = 98%). The effect of atorvastatin and simvastatin depended on the dose and duration of treatment (atorvastatin [coefficient: 0.075 [0.0132, 0.137]; p = 0.017, coefficient: 0.103 [0.004, 0.202]; p = 0.040, respectively] and simvastatin [coefficient: -0.047 [-0.063, -0.031]; p < 0.001, coefficient: 0.046 [0.016, 0.078]; p = 0.004]), whereas the effect of fenofibrate persisted over time (coefficient: 0.007 [-0.011, 0.026]; p = 0.442) and was not altered by a change in dosage (coefficient: -0.004 [-0.031, 0.024]; p = 0.798). In addition, the greater homocysteine- lowering effect of statins was associated with higher baseline plasma homocysteine concentrations (coefficient: -0.224 [-0.340, -0.109]; p < 0.001).

Conclusion: Fibrates significantly increased homocysteine levels, whereas statins significantly decreased them.

Keywords: Statin, fibrate, homocysteine, atherosclerosis, dyslipidemia, lipid-lowering drugs.

« Previous Next »
[1]
Mangge, H.; Becker, K.; Fuchs, D.; Gostner, J.M. Antioxidants, inflammation and cardiovascular disease. World J. Cardiol., 2014, 6(6), 462-477.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4330/wjc.v6.i6.462] [PMID: 24976919]
[2]
Chen, P.J.; Lu, Y.C.; Wang, P.M.; Huang, C.F.; Loke, S.S. Factors associated with hyperhomocysteinemia in relatively healthy Taiwanese adults. Medicine, 2021, 100(3), e23829.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000023829] [PMID: 33545948]
[3]
Liu, R.; Xu, F.; Zhou, Y.; Liu, T. The characteristics of risk factors in Chinese young women with acute coronary syndrome. BMC Cardiovasc. Disord., 2020, 20(1), 290.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12872-020-01577-z] [PMID: 32532208]
[4]
Akbari, A.; Rafiee, M.; Sathyapalan, T.; Sahebkar, A. Impacts of sodium/glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors on circulating uric acid concentrations: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Diabetes Res., 2022, 2022, 1-17.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7520632] [PMID: 35224108]
[5]
Venes, D. Taber’s cyclopedic medical dictionary; FA Davis, 2017.
[6]
Faeh, D.; Chiolero, A.; Paccaud, F. Homocysteine as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease: Should we (still) worry about? Swiss Med. Wkly., 2006, 136(47-48), 745-756.
[PMID: 17225194]
[7]
Ganguly, P.; Alam, S.F. Role of homocysteine in the development of cardiovascular disease. Nutr. J., 2015, 14(1), 6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-14-6] [PMID: 25577237]
[8]
Zhao, J.; Chen, H.; Liu, N.; Chen, J.; Gu, Y.; Chen, J.; Yang, K. Role of hyperhomocysteinemia and hyperuricemia in pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis., 2017, 26(12), 2695-2699.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2016.10.012] [PMID: 28986198]
[9]
Gatt, A.; Makris, M. Hyperhomocysteinemia and venous thrombosis. Semin. Hematol., 2007, 44(2), 70-76.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.seminhematol.2007.01.002] [PMID: 17433898]
[10]
Durand, P.; Prost, M.; Loreau, N.; Lussier-Cacan, S.; Blache, D. Impaired homocysteine metabolism and atherothrombotic disease. Lab. Invest., 2001, 81(5), 645-672.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/labinvest.3780275] [PMID: 11351038]
[11]
Selhub, J.; Jacques, P.F.; Rosenberg, I.H.; Rogers, G.; Bowman, B.A.; Gunter, E.W.; Wright, J.D.; Johnson, C.L. Serum total homocysteine concentrations in the third national health and nutrition examination survey (1991-1994): Population reference ranges and contribution of vitamin status to high serum concentrations. Ann. Intern. Med., 1999, 131(5), 331-339.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-131-5-199909070-00003] [PMID: 10475885]
[12]
Kim, J.; Kim, H.; Roh, H.; Kwon, Y. Causes of hyperhomocysteinemia and its pathological significance. Arch. Pharm. Res., 2018, 41(4), 372-383.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12272-018-1016-4] [PMID: 29552692]
[13]
Sahebkar, A.; Pirro, M.; Reiner, Ž.; Cicero, A.; Ferretti, G.; Simental-Mendía, M.; Simental-Mendía, L. A systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials on the effects of statin and fibrate therapies on plasma homocysteine levels. Curr. Med. Chem., 2016, 23(39), 4490-4503.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867323666161007155310] [PMID: 27748179]
[14]
Zinellu, A.; Mangoni, A.A. Effect of statin treatment on homocysteine concentrations: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis with meta-regression. Expert Rev. Clin. Pharmacol., 2022, 15(4), 443-459.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17512433.2022.2072293] [PMID: 35482022]
[15]
Bahrami, A.; Bo, S.; Jamialahmadi, T.; Sahebkar, A. Effects of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors on ageing: Molecular mechanisms. Ageing Res. Rev., 2020, 58, 101024.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2020.101024] [PMID: 32006687]
[16]
Bland, A.R.; Payne, F.M.; Ashton, J.C.; Jamialahmadi, T.; Sahebkar, A. The cardioprotective actions of statins in targeting mitochondrial dysfunction associated with myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion injury. Pharmacol. Res., 2022, 175, 105986.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105986] [PMID: 34800627]
[17]
Gorabi, A.M.; Kiaie, N.; Bianconi, V.; Pirro, M.; Jamialahmadi, T.; Sahebkar, A. Statins attenuate fibrotic manifestations of cardiac tissue damage. Curr. Mol. Pharmacol., 2021, 14(5), 782-797.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874467214666210210123206] [PMID: 33568040]
[18]
Sohrevardi, S.; Nasab, F.; Mirjalili, M.; Bagherniya, M.; Tafti, A.; Jarrahzadeh, M.; Azarpazhooh, M.; Saeidmanesh, M.; Banach, M.; Jamialahmadi, T.; Sahebkar, A. Effect of atorvastatin on delirium status of patients in the intensive care unit: A randomized controlled trial. Arch. Med. Sci., 2019, 17(5), 1423-1428.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5114/aoms.2019.89330] [PMID: 34522273]
[19]
Vahedian-Azimi, A.; Mohammadi, S.; Beni, F.; Banach, M.; Guest, P.; Jamialahmadi, T.; Sahebkar, A. Improved COVID-19 ICU admission and mortality outcomes following treatment with statins: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch. Med. Sci., 2021, 17(3), 579-595.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5114/aoms/132950] [PMID: 34025827]
[20]
Botta, M.; Audano, M.; Sahebkar, A.; Sirtori, C.; Mitro, N.; Ruscica, M. PPAR agonists and metabolic syndrome: An established role? Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2018, 19(4), 1197.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19041197] [PMID: 29662003]
[21]
Derosa, G.; Sahebkar, A.; Maffioli, P. The role of various peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and their ligands in clinical practice. J. Cell. Physiol., 2018, 233(1), 153-161.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.25804] [PMID: 28098353]
[22]
Sahebkar, A.; Chew, G.T.; Watts, G.F. Recent advances in pharmacotherapy for hypertriglyceridemia. Prog. Lipid Res., 2014, 56(1), 47-66.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plipres.2014.07.002] [PMID: 25083925]
[23]
Banach, M.; Serban, C.; Ursoniu, S.; Rysz, J.; Muntner, P.; Toth, P.P.; Jones, S.R.; Rizzo, M.; Glasser, S.P.; Watts, G.F.; Blumenthal, R.S.; Lip, G.Y.H.; Mikhailidis, D.P.; Sahebkar, A. Statin therapy and plasma coenzyme Q10 concentrations-A systematic review and meta-analysis of placebo- controlled trials. Pharmacol. Res., 2015, 99, 329-336.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2015.07.008] [PMID: 26192349]
[24]
Bytyçi, I.; Penson, P.E.; Mikhailidis, D.P.; Wong, N.D.; Hernandez, A.V.; Sahebkar, A.; Thompson, P.D.; Mazidi, M.; Rysz, J.; Pella, D.; Reiner, Ž.; Toth, P.P.; Banach, M. Prevalence of statin intolerance: A meta-analysis. Eur. Heart J., 2022, 43(34), 3213-3223.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehac015] [PMID: 35169843]
[25]
Sahebkar, A.; Cicero, A.F.G.; Di Giosia, P.; Pomilio, I.; Stamerra, C.A.; Giorgini, P.; Ferri, C.; Haehling, S.; Banach, M.; Jamialahmadi, T. Pathophysiological mechanisms of statin-associated myopathies: Possible role of the ubiquitin-proteasome system. J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle, 2020, 11(5), 1177-1186.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12579] [PMID: 32743965]
[26]
Scott, R.; O’Brien, R.; Fulcher, G.; Pardy, C.; d’Emden, M.; Tse, D.; Taskinen, M.R.; Ehnholm, C.; Keech, A. Effects of fenofibrate treatment on cardiovascular disease risk in 9,795 individuals with type 2 diabetes and various components of the metabolic syndrome: The Fenofibrate Intervention and Event Lowering in Diabetes (FIELD) study. Diabetes Care, 2009, 32(3), 493-498.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc08-1543] [PMID: 18984774]
[27]
Yebyo, H.G.; Aschmann, H.E.; Kaufmann, M.; Puhan, M.A. Comparative effectiveness and safety of statins as a class and of specific statins for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and network meta-analysis of randomized trials with 94,283 participants. Am. Heart J., 2019, 210, 18-28.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2018.12.007] [PMID: 30716508]
[28]
Sahebkar, A.; Chew, G.T.; Watts, G.F. New peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists: Potential treatments for atherogenic dyslipidemia and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Expert Opin. Pharmacother., 2014, 15(4), 493-503.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/14656566.2014.876992] [PMID: 24428677]
[29]
Ibarra-Lara, L.; Sánchez-Aguilar, M.; Sánchez-Mendoza, A.; Del Valle-Mondragón, L.; Soria-Castro, E.; Carreón- Torres, E.; Díaz-Díaz, E.; Vázquez-Meza, H.; Guarner-Lans, V.; Rubio-Ruiz, M. Fenofibrate therapy restores antioxidant protection and improves myocardial insulin resistance in a rat model of metabolic syndrome and myocardial ischemia: The role of angiotensin II. Molecules, 2016, 22(1), 31.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules22010031] [PMID: 28036029]
[30]
Tziomalos, K.; Athyros, V.; Karagiannis, A.; Mikhailidis, D. Anti-inflammatory effects of fibrates: An overview. Curr. Med. Chem., 2009, 16(6), 676-684.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/092986709787458416] [PMID: 19199931]
[31]
Ferretti, G.; Bacchetti, T.; Sahebkar, A. Effect of statin therapy on paraoxonase-1 status: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 25 clinical trials. Prog. Lipid Res., 2015, 60, 50-73.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plipres.2015.08.003] [PMID: 26416579]
[32]
Parizadeh, S.M.R.; Azarpazhooh, M.R.; Moohebati, M.; Nematy, M.; Ghayour-Mobarhan, M.; Tavallaie, S.; Rahsepar, A.A.; Amini, M.; Sahebkar, A.; Mohammadi, M.; Ferns, G.A.A. Simvastatin therapy reduces prooxidant-antioxidant balance: Results of a placebo-controlled cross-over trial. Lipids, 2011, 46(4), 333-340.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11745-010-3517-x] [PMID: 21207250]
[33]
Sahebkar, A.; Kotani, K.; Serban, C.; Ursoniu, S.; Mikhailidis, D.P.; Jones, S.R.; Ray, K.K.; Blaha, M.J.; Rysz, J.; Toth, P.P.; Muntner, P.; Lip, G.Y.H.; Banach, M. Statin therapy reduces plasma endothelin-1 concentrations: A meta-analysis of 15 randomized controlled trials. Atherosclerosis, 2015, 241(2), 433-442.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.05.022] [PMID: 26074317]
[34]
Sahebkar, A.; Serban, C.; Mikhailidis, D.P.; Undas, A.; Lip, G.Y.H.; Muntner, P.; Bittner, V.; Ray, K.K.; Watts, G.F.; Hovingh, G.K.; Rysz, J.; Kastelein, J.J.; Banach, M. Association between statin use and plasma D-dimer levels. A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Thromb. Haemost., 2015, 114(3), 546-557.
[PMID: 26017749]
[35]
Page, M.J.; Moher, D.; Bossuyt, P.M.; Boutron, I.; Hoffmann, T.C.; Mulrow, C.D.; Shamseer, L.; Tetzlaff, J.M.; Akl, E.A.; Brennan, S.E.; Chou, R.; Glanville, J.; Grimshaw, J.M.; Hróbjartsson, A.; Lalu, M.M.; Li, T.; Loder, E.W.; Mayo-Wilson, E.; McDonald, S.; McGuinness, L.A.; Stewart, L.A.; Thomas, J.; Tricco, A.C.; Welch, V.A.; Whiting, P.; McKenzie, J.E. PRISMA 2020 explanation and elaboration: Updated guidance and exemplars for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ, 2021, 372, n160.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n160] [PMID: 33781993]
[36]
Wan, X.; Wang, W.; Liu, J.; Tong, T. Estimating the sample mean and standard deviation from the sample size, median, range and/or interquartile range. BMC Med. Res. Methodol., 2014, 14(1), 135.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-14-135] [PMID: 25524443]
[37]
Bissonnette, R.; Treacy, E.; Rozen, R.; Boucher, B.; Cohn, J.S.; Genest, J., Jr Fenofibrate raises plasma homocysteine levels in the fasted and fed states. Atherosclerosis, 2001, 155(2), 455-462.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9150(00)00584-0] [PMID: 11254917]
[38]
Chan, N.; Chan, J.C.N. Implication of fibrate therapy for homocysteine. Lancet, 1999, 354(9185), 1208-1209.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)75416-7] [PMID: 10513737]
[39]
Cicero, A.F.G.; Derosa, G.; Miconi, A.; Laghi, L.; Nascetti, S.; Gaddi, A. Possible role of ubiquinone in the treatment of massive hypertriglyceridemia resistant to PUFA and fibrates. Biomed. Pharmacother., 2005, 59(6), 312-317.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2004.09.014] [PMID: 15932792]
[40]
Jakob, T.; Nordmann, A.J.; Schandelmaier, S.; Ferreira- González, I.; Briel, M. Fibrates for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease events. Cochrane Libr., 2016, 2017(3), CD009753.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD009753.pub2] [PMID: 27849333]
[41]
Koutouzis, M.; Nomikos, A.; Nikolidakis, S.; Tzavara, V.; Andrikopoulos, V.; Nikolaou, N.; Barbatis, C.; Kyriakides, Z.S. Statin treated patients have reduced intraplaque angiogenesis in carotid endarterectomy specimens. Atherosclerosis, 2007, 192(2), 457-463.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2007.01.035] [PMID: 17335827]
[42]
Lever, M.; George, P.M.; Slow, S.; Elmslie, J.L.; Scott, R.S.; Richards, A.M.; Fink, J.N.; Chambers, S.T. Fibrates may cause an abnormal urinary betaine loss which is associated with elevations in plasma homocysteine. Cardiovasc. Drugs Ther., 2009, 23(5), 395-401.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10557-009-6188-1] [PMID: 19653086]
[43]
Makówka, A.; Dryja, P.; Chwatko, G.; Bald, E.; Nowicki, M. Treatment of chronic hemodialysis patients with low- dose fenofibrate effectively reduces plasma lipids and affects plasma redox status. Lipids Health Dis., 2012, 11(1), 47.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1476-511X-11-47] [PMID: 22564753]
[44]
Malik, J.; Melenovsky, V.; Wichterle, D.; Haas, T.; Simek, J.; Ceska, R.; Hradec, J. Both fenofibrate and atorvastatin improve vascular reactivity in combined hyperlipidaemia (fenofibrate versus atorvastatin trial - FAT). Cardiovasc. Res., 2001, 52(2), 290-298.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0008-6363(01)00382-0] [PMID: 11684077]
[45]
Mayer, O., Jr; Šimon, J.; Holubec, L.; Pikner, R.; Trefil, L. Folate co-administration improves the effectiveness of fenofibrate to decrease the lipoprotein oxidation and endothelial dysfunction surrogates. Physiol. Res., 2006, 55(5), 475-481.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.33549/physiolres.930856] [PMID: 16343039]
[46]
Mayer, O., Jr; Šimon, J.; Holubec, L.; Pikner, R.; Šubrt, I. Fenofibrate-induced hyperhomocysteinemia may be prevented by folate co-administration. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 2003, 59(5-6), 367-371.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00228-003-0616-0] [PMID: 12845504]
[47]
Nanayakkara, P.W.B.; Kiefte-de Jong, J.C.; Stehouwer, C.D.A.; van Ittersum, F.J.; Olthof, M.R.; Kok, R.M.; Blom, H.J.; van Guldener, C.; ter Wee, P.M.; Smulders, Y.M. Association between global leukocyte DNA methylation, renal function, carotid intima-media thickness and plasma homocysteine in patients with stage 2-4 chronic kidney disease. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., 2008, 23(8), 2586-2592.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfn040] [PMID: 18287179]
[48]
Nanayakkara, P.W.B.; Kiefte-de Jong, J.C.; ter Wee, P.M.; Stehouwer, C.D.A.; van Ittersum, F.J.; Olthof, M.R.; Teerlink, T.; Twisk, J.W.R.; van Guldener, C.; Smulders, Y.M. Randomized placebo-controlled trial assessing a treatment strategy consisting of pravastatin, vitamin E, and homocysteine lowering on plasma asymmetric dimethylarginine concentration in mild to moderate CKD. Am. J. Kidney Dis., 2009, 53(1), 41-50.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2008.06.016] [PMID: 18786751]
[49]
Sbarouni, E.; Kyriakides, Z.S.; Kremastinos, D.T. The effect of hormone replacement therapy and simvastatin on plasma homocysteine. J. Womens Health, 2005, 14(2), 154-158.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2005.14.154] [PMID: 15775733]
[50]
Sinzinger, H.; Steiner, S.; Derfler, K. Pleiotropic effects of regular lipoprotein-apheresis. Atheroscler. Suppl., 2017, 30, 122-127.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosissup.2017.05.032] [PMID: 29096827]
[51]
Veringa, S.J.E.; Nanayakkara, P.W.B.; Ittersum, F.J.; Vegting, I.L.; Guldener, C.; Wee, Y.M.S.P.M.; Stehouwer, C.D.A.; Stehouwer, C.D. Effect of a treatment strategy consisting of pravastatin, vitamin E, and homocysteine lowering on arterial compliance and distensibility in patients with mild-to-moderate chronic kidney disease. Clin. Nephrol., 2012, 78(10), 263-272.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5414/CN107439] [PMID: 22981031]
[52]
Wenaweser, P.; Windecker, S.; Billinger, M.; Cook, S.; Togni, M.; Meier, B.; Haeberli, A.; Hess, O.M. Effect of atorvastatin and pravastatin on platelet inhibition by aspirin and clopidogrel treatment in patients with coronary stent thrombosis. Am. J. Cardiol., 2007, 99(3), 353-356.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2006.08.036] [PMID: 17261397]
[53]
Hovland, A.; Aagnes, I.; Brekke, O.L.; Flage, J.H.; Lappegård, K.T. No evidence of impaired endothelial function or altered inflammatory state in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia treated with statins. J. Clin. Lipidol., 2010, 4(4), 288-292.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacl.2010.02.011] [PMID: 21122661]
[54]
El Oudi, M.; Aouni, Z.; Ouertani, H.; Mazigh, C.; Machghoul, S. Effect of lipopenic and hypotensive treatment on homocysteine levels in type 2 diabetics. Vasc. Health Risk Manag., 2010, 6, 327-332.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/VHRM.S8240] [PMID: 20531951]
[55]
Stulc, T.; Ceska, R.; Kozich, V.; Skrha, J. 2P-0372 Fenofibrate but not simvastatin increases serum homocysteine and creatinine in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Atheroscler. Suppl., 2003, 4(2), 120.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1567-5688(03)90515-0]
[56]
Dierkes, J.; Westphal, S.; Luley, C. Serum homocysteine increases after therapy with fenofibrate or bezafibrate. Lancet, 1999, 354(9174), 219-220.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(99)02153-4] [PMID: 10421307]
[57]
Feng, Y.; Liang, W.; Liang, W.; Xiao, X.; Zhang, Y. Effects of XueZhiTong capsules on chronic kidney disease patients with dyslipidemia. Trop. J. Pharm. Res., 2022, 21(1), 177-183.
[58]
Potaczek, D.P.; Undas, A.; Celinska-Lowenhoff, M.; Szczeklik, A. The I allele of the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism may determine an increase in homocysteine levels in fibrate-treated subjects. Cardiovasc. Drugs Ther., 2006, 20(3), 229-232.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10557-006-8374-8] [PMID: 16779534]
[59]
Pytel, E.; Jackowska, P.; Chwatko, G.; Olszewska-Banaszczyk, M.; Koter-Michalak, M.; Kubalczyk, P.; Broncel, M. Intensive statin therapy, used alone or in combination with ezetimibe, improves homocysteine level and lipid peroxidation to a similar degree in patients with coronary artery diseases. Pharmacol. Rep., 2016, 68(2), 344-348.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pharep.2015.08.019] [PMID: 26922537]
[60]
Vladimirova-Kitova, L.G.; Deneva-Koycheva, T.I. The effect of simvastatin on asymmetric dimethylarginine and flow-mediated vasodilation after optimizing the LDL level - A randomized, placebo-controlled study. Vascul. Pharmacol., 2012, 56(3-4), 122-130.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vph.2011.10.004] [PMID: 22108444]
[61]
Zhou, T.; Mei, J.; Hou, M. Clinical study of double anti- platelet therapy combined with different doses of statin in the treatment of acute cerebral infarction complicated with microhemorrhage. Am. J. Transl. Res., 2021, 13(10), 12043-12050.
[PMID: 34786140]
[62]
Peng, Y.; Ou, B.Q.; Li, H.H.; Zhou, Z.; Mo, J.L.; Huang, J.; Liang, F.L. Synergistic effect of atorvastatin and folic acid on cardiac function and ventricular remodeling in chronic heart failure patients with hyperhomocysteinemia. Med. Sci. Monit., 2018, 24, 3744-3751.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.12659/MSM.906893] [PMID: 29863106]
[63]
Genest, J.; Frohlich, J.; Steiner, G. Effect of fenofibrate- mediated increase in plasma homocysteine on the progression of coronary artery disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am. J. Cardiol., 2004, 93(7), 848-853.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2003.12.022] [PMID: 15050487]
[64]
Krysiak, R.; Kowalcze, K.; Bednarska-Czerwińska, A.; Okopień, B. The effect of atorvastatin on cardiometabolic risk factors in women with non-classic congenital adrenal hyperplasia: A pilot study. Pharmacol. Rep., 2019, 71(3), 417-421.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pharep.2019.01.014] [PMID: 31003151]
[65]
Mok, C.C.; Wong, C.K.; To, C.H.; Lai, J.P.S.; Lam, C.S. Effects of rosuvastatin on vascular biomarkers and carotid atherosclerosis in lupus: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Care Res., 2011, 63(6), 875-883.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/acr.20440] [PMID: 21309005]
[66]
Pinchbeck, J.L.; Moxon, J.V.; Rowbotham, S.E.; Bourke, M.; Lazzaroni, S.; Morton, S.K.; Matthews, E.O.; Hendy, K.; Jones, R.E.; Bourke, B.; Jaeggi, R.; Favot, D.; Quigley, F.; Jenkins, J.S.; Reid, C.M.; Velu, R.; Golledge, J. Randomized placebo-controlled trial assessing the effect of 24-week fenofibrate therapy on circulating markers of abdominal aortic aneurysm: Outcomes from the FAME-2 trial. J. Am. Heart Assoc., 2018, 7(19), e009866.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.118.009866] [PMID: 30371299]
[67]
van der Loo, B.; Spring, S.; Koppensteiner, R. High-dose atorvastatin treatment in patients with peripheral arterial disease: Effects on platelet aggregation, blood rheology and plasma homocysteine. Clin. Hemorheol. Microcirc., 2011, 47(4), 241-251.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/CH-2011-1386] [PMID: 21654053]
[68]
Janatuinen, T.; Laakso, J.; Laaksonen, R.; Vesalainen, R.; Nuutila, P.; Lehtimäki, T.; Raitakari, O.T.; Knuuti, J. Plasma asymmetric dimethylarginine modifies the effect of pravastatin on myocardial blood flow in young adults. Vasc. Med., 2003, 8(3), 185-189.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/1358863x03vm490oa] [PMID: 14989559]
[69]
Li, C.; Ding, Y.; Si, Q.; Li, K.; Xu, K. Multiple functions of policosanol in elderly patients with dyslipidemia. J. Int. Med. Res., 2020, 48(7), 0300060520936082.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300060520936082] [PMID: 32703038]
[70]
MacCallum, P.K.; Cooper, J.A.; Rumley, A.; Lowe, G.D.O.; Meade, T.W. Effect of bezafibrate on plasma homocysteine concentration in men with lower extremity arterial disease. J. Thromb. Haemost., 2004, 2(2), 346-379.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-7933.2004.0584l.x] [PMID: 14996019]
[71]
Milionis, H.J.; Papakostas, J.; Kakafika, A.; Chasiotis, G.; Seferiadis, K.; Elisaf, M.S. Comparative effects of atorvastatin, simvastatin, and fenofibrate on serum homocysteine levels in patients with primary hyperlipidemia. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 2003, 43(8), 825-830.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0091270003255920] [PMID: 12953339]
[72]
Nanayakkara, P.W.B.; van Guldener, C.; ter Wee, P.M.; Scheffer, P.G.; van Ittersum, F.J.; Twisk, J.W.; Teerlink, T.; van Dorp, W.; Stehouwer, C.D. Effect of a treatment strategy consisting of pravastatin, vitamin E, and homocysteine lowering on carotid intima-media thickness, endothelial function, and renal function in patients with mild to moderate chronic kidney disease: Results from the Anti-Oxidant therapy in chronic renal insufficiency (ATIC) Study. Arch. Intern. Med., 2007, 167(12), 1262-1270.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.167.12.1262] [PMID: 17592099]
[73]
Nieminen, T.; Knuuti, J.; Hämelahti, P.; Kähönen, M.; Laaksonen, R.; Janatuinen, T.; Vesalainen, R.; Nuutila, P.; Jokela, H.; Lehtimäki, T. Coronary reactivity, homocysteine and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene variation in young men during pravastatin therapy. Vascul. Pharmacol., 2007, 47(2-3), 113-117.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vph.2007.05.001] [PMID: 17574929]
[74]
Ridker, P.M.; Shih, J.; Cook, T.J.; Clearfield, M.; Downs, J.R.; Pradhan, A.D.; Weis, S.E.; Gotto, A.M., Jr Plasma homocysteine concentration, statin therapy, and the risk of first acute coronary events. Circulation, 2002, 105(15), 1776-1779.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000014447.06099.FB] [PMID: 11956118]
[75]
Li, C.; Bu, X.; Liu, Y. Effect of folic acid combined with pravastatin on arteriosclerosis in elderly hypertensive patients with lacunar infarction. Medicine, 2021, 100(28), e26540.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000026540] [PMID: 34260532]
[76]
Deng, Y.; Zou, W.; Chen, G.; Shangguan, S.; Zhou, F.; Jiang, W.; Li, X. Comparative studies on the effects of different doses of atorvastatin combined with aspirin on inflammatory cytokines and carotid plaques in patients with ischemic cerebrovascular disease. Int. J. Neurosci., 2019, 129(11), 1133-1138.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207454.2019.1635592] [PMID: 31232139]
[77]
Tan, Q.; Zhang, S.; Zou, X.; Zhao, J.; Hao, J.; Sun, Q. Fluvastatin therapy could not decrease progression of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in non-valvular disease patients. Anatol. J. Cardiol., 2017, 18(2), 103-107.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.14744/AnatolJCardiol.2017.7664] [PMID: 28430117]
[78]
Sebestjen, M.; Keber, I.; Zegura, B.; Simcic, S.; Bozic, M.; Fressart, M.M.; Stegnar, M. Statin and fibrate treatment of combined hyperlipidemia: the effects on some novel risk factors. Thromb. Haemost., 2004, 92(5), 1129-1135.
[PMID: 15543343]
[79]
Playford, D.A.; Watts, G.F.; Croft, K.D.; Burke, V. Combined effect of coenzyme Q10 and fenofibrate on forearm microcirculatory function in type 2 diabetes. Atherosclerosis, 2003, 168(1), 169-179.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9150(02)00417-3] [PMID: 12732401]
[80]
Niafar, M; Bahrami, A; Lotfi Yagin, N; Najafipour, F; Aghamohammadzadeh, N; Sadra, V. Effect of high dose versus low dose of atorvastatin therapy on inflammation and coagulation factors in type 2 diabetic patients; a randomized clinical trial study. Immunopathol Persa, 2019, 5(1), e01-e.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/ipp.2019.01]
[81]
Krysiak, R.; Gilowski, W.; Okopien, B. The effect of testosterone and fenofibrate, administered alone or in combination, on cardiometabolic risk factors in men with late-onset hypogonadism and atherogenic dyslipidemia. Cardiovasc. Ther., 2015, 33(5), 270-274.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1755-5922.12139] [PMID: 26031507]
[82]
Westphal, S.; Dierkes, J.; Luley, C. Effects of fenofibrate and gemfibrozil on plasma homocysteine. Lancet, 2001, 358(9275), 39-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(00)05271-5] [PMID: 11454380]
[83]
Carrero, J.J.; López-Huertas, E.; Salmerón, L.M.; Ramos, V.E.; Baró, L.; Ros, E. Simvastatin and supplementation with ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamins improves claudication distance in a randomized PILOT study in patients with peripheral vascular disease. Nutr. Res., 2006, 26(12), 637-643.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2006.09.024]
[84]
Giral, P.; Bruckert, E.; Jacob, N.; Chapman, M.J.; Foglietti, M.J.; Turpin, G. Homocysteine and lipid lowering agents. A comparison between atorvastatin and fenofibrate in patients with mixed hyperlipidemia. Atherosclerosis, 2001, 154(2), 421-427.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9150(00)00474-3] [PMID: 11166775]
[85]
Harats, D.; Yodfat, O.; Doolman, R.; Gavendo, S.; Marko, D.; Shaish, A.; Sela, B.A. Homocysteine elevation with fibrates: Is it a class effect? Isr. Med. Assoc. J., 2001, 3(4), 243-246.
[PMID: 11344833]
[86]
Herrmann, M.; Whiting, M.J.; Veillard, A.S.; Ehnholm, C.; Sullivan, D.R.; Keech, A.C. Plasma homocysteine and the risk of venous thromboembolism: Insights from the FIELD study. Clin. Chem. Lab. (CCLM), 2012, 50(12), 2213-2219.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cclm-2012-0078] [PMID: 23093273]
[87]
Kaya, C.; Cengiz, S.D.; Berker, B.; Demirtaş, S.; Cesur, M.; Erdoğan, G. Comparative effects of atorvastatin and simvastatin on the plasma total homocysteine levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A prospective randomized study. Fertil. Steril., 2009, 92(2), 635-642.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.06.006] [PMID: 18692805]
[88]
Lu, T.M.; Ding, Y.A.; Leu, H.B.; Yin, W.H.; Sheu, W.H.H.; Chu, K.M. Effect of rosuvastatin on plasma levels of asymmetric dimethylarginine in patients with hypercholesterolemia. Am. J. Cardiol., 2004, 94(2), 157-161.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2004.03.052] [PMID: 15246890]
[89]
Melenovsky, V.; Malik, J.; Wichterle, D.; Simek, J.; Pisarikova, A.; Skrha, J.; Poledne, R.; Stavek, P.; Ceska, R. Comparison of the effects of atorvastatin or fenofibrate on nonlipid biochemical risk factors and the LDL particle size in subjects with combined hyperlipidemia. Am. Heart J., 2002, 144(4), E6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0002-8703(02)00142-4] [PMID: 12360175]
[90]
Santini, E.; Madec, S.; Corretti, V.; Ferrannini, E.; Solini, A. Effect of statins on soluble CD40 ligand in hypercholesterolemic Type 2 diabetic patients. J. Endocrinol. Invest., 2008, 31(7), 660-665.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF03345621] [PMID: 18787388]
[91]
Syvänne, M.; Whittall, R.A.; Turpeinen, U.; Nieminen, M.S.; Frick, M.H.; Kesäniemi, Y.A.; Pasternack, A.; Humphries, S.E.; Taskinen, M.R. Serum homocysteine concentrations, gemfibrozil treatment, and progression of coronary atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis, 2004, 172(2), 267-272.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2003.10.003] [PMID: 15019536]
[92]
Vigna, G.B.; Donegà, P.; Zanca, R.; Barban, A.; Passaro, A.; Pansini, F.; Bonaccorsi, G.; Mollica, G.; Fellin, R. Simvastatin, transdermal patch, and oral estrogen-progestogen preparation in early-postmenopausal hypercholesterolemic women: A randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Metabolism, 2002, 51(11), 1463-1470.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/meta.2002.35584] [PMID: 12404199]
[93]
Vladimirova-Kitova, L.G.; Deneva, T.I.; Marinov, B. Effect of moderate and high-dose simvastatin on asymmetric dimethylarginine-homocysteine metabolic pathways in patients with newly detected severe hypercholesterolemia. Cardiovasc. Ther., 2011, 29(5), 340-348.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-5922.2010.00149.x] [PMID: 20345493]
[94]
Haak, E.; Abletshauser, C.; Weber, S.; Goedicke, C.; Martin, N.; Hermanns, N.; Lackner, K.; Kusterer, K.; Usadel, K.H.; Haak, T. Fluvastatin therapy improves microcirculation in patients with hyperlipidaemia. Atherosclerosis, 2001, 155(2), 395-401.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9150(00)00567-0] [PMID: 11254910]
[95]
Derosa, G.; Maffioli, P.; Salvadeo, S.A.T.; Ferrari, I.; Gravina, A.; Mereu, R.; Palumbo, I.; D’angelo, A.; Cicero, A.F.G. Fenofibrate, simvastatin and their combination in the management of dyslipidaemia in type 2 diabetic patients. Curr. Med. Res. Opin., 2009, 25(8), 1973-1983.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1185/03007990903073159] [PMID: 19555253]
[96]
Davidson, M.H.; Rooney, M.W.; Drucker, J.; Eugene Griffin, H.; Oosman, S.; Beckert, M. Efficacy and tolerability of atorvastatin/fenofibrate fixed-dose combination tablet compared with atorvastatin and fenofibrate monotherapies in patients with dyslipidemia: A 12-week, multicenter, double-blind, randomized, parallel-group study. Clin. Ther., 2009, 31(12), 2824-2838.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2009.12.007] [PMID: 20110022]
[97]
Feng, T.; Huang, X.; Liang, Q.; Liang, Y.; Yuan, Y.; Feng, L.; Wu, W.; Xiao, X.; Han, Y. effects of pitavastatin on lipid-rich carotid plaques studied using high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging. Clin. Ther., 2017, 39(3), 620-629.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2017.01.013] [PMID: 28185713]
[98]
Ishibashi, S.; Arai, H.; Yokote, K.; Araki, E.; Suganami, H.; Yamashita, S. Efficacy and safety of pemafibrate (K-877), a selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α modulator, in patients with dyslipidemia: Results from a 24-week, randomized, double blind, active-controlled, phase 3 trial. J. Clin. Lipidol., 2018, 12(1), 173-184.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacl.2017.10.006] [PMID: 29203092]
[99]
Kim, D.W.; Kim, H.K.; Bae, E.K. The effects of lifestyle modification and statin therapy on the circulatory markers for vascular risk in patients with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav., 2017, 76, 133-135.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2017.08.041] [PMID: 28927716]
[100]
Lee, S.H.; Cho, K.I.; Kim, J.Y.; Ahn, Y.K.; Rha, S.W.; Kim, Y.J.; Choi, Y.S.; Choi, S.W.; Jeon, D.W.; Min, P.K.; Choi, D.J.; Baek, S.H.; Kim, K.S.; Byun, Y.S.; Jang, Y. Non-lipid effects of rosuvastatin–fenofibrate combination therapy in high-risk Asian patients with mixed hyperlipidemia. Atherosclerosis, 2012, 221(1), 169-175.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.12.042] [PMID: 22269152]
[101]
Wang, G.; He, L.; Liu, J.; Yu, J.; Feng, X.; Li, F.; Hao, Y.; Mao, J.; Hong, T.; Chen, A.F.; Wang, X. Coronary flow velocity reserve is improved by PPAR-α agonist fenofibrate in patients with hypertriglyceridemia. Cardiovasc. Ther., 2013, 31(3), 161-167.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-5922.2011.00307.x] [PMID: 22280018]
[102]
Wang, H.; Zhang, Z.; Sun, J. The clinical evaluation of combined detection of microcirculation, lipid metabolism, and inflammatory-related factors in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy with atorvastatin. Eur. J. Inflamm., 2019, 17, 2058739219847830.
[103]
Chen, W.; Tian, T.; Wang, S.; Xue, Y.; Sun, Z.; Wang, S. Characteristics of carotid atherosclerosis in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes at different disease course, and the intervention by statins in very elderly patients. J. Diabetes Investig., 2018, 9(2), 389-395.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jdi.12710] [PMID: 28685957]
[104]
de Lorgeril, M.; Salen, P.; Paillard, F.; Lacan, P.; Richard, G. Lipid-lowering drugs and homocysteine. Lancet, 1999, 353(9148), 209-210.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)77220-2] [PMID: 9923885]
[105]
Ansquer, J.C.; Dalton, R.N.; Caussé, E.; Crimet, D.; Le Malicot, K.; Foucher, C. Effect of fenofibrate on kidney function: A 6-week randomized crossover trial in healthy people. Am. J. Kidney Dis., 2008, 51(6), 904-913.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2008.01.014] [PMID: 18501783]
[106]
Wustmann, K.; Klaey, M.; Burow, A.; Shaw, S.G.; Hess, O.M.; Allemann, Y. Additive effect of homocysteine- and cholesterol-lowering therapy on endothelium-dependent vasodilation in patients with cardiovascular disease. Cardiovasc. Ther., 2012, 30(5), 277-286.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-5922.2011.00272.x] [PMID: 21884007]
[107]
Chong, P.H.; Seeger, J.D.; Franklin, C. Clinically relevant differences between the statins: Implications for therapeutic selection. Am. J. Med., 2001, 111(5), 390-400.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9343(01)00870-1] [PMID: 11583643]
[108]
Poddar, R.; Sivasubramanian, N.; DiBello, P.M.; Robinson, K.; Jacobsen, D.W. Homocysteine induces expression and secretion of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and interleukin-8 in human aortic endothelial cells: Implications for vascular disease. Circulation, 2001, 103(22), 2717-2723.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.103.22.2717] [PMID: 11390343]
[109]
Zeng, X.; Guan, Y.; Remick, D.G.; Wang, X. Signal pathways underlying homocysteine-induced production of MCP-1 and IL-8 in cultured human whole blood. Acta Pharmacol. Sin., 2005, 26(1), 85-91.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7254.2005.00005.x] [PMID: 15659119]
[110]
Cai, T.; Abel, L.; Langford, O.; Monaghan, G.; Aronson, J.K.; Stevens, R.J.; Lay-Flurrie, S.; Koshiaris, C.; McManus, R.J.; Hobbs, F.D.R.; Sheppard, J.P. Associations between statins and adverse events in primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: systematic review with pairwise, network, and dose-response meta-analyses. BMJ, 2021, 374(1537), n1537.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n1537] [PMID: 34261627]
[111]
Koushki, K.; Shahbaz, S.K.; Mashayekhi, K.; Sadeghi, M.; Zayeri, Z.D.; Taba, M.Y.; Banach, M.; Al-Rasadi, K.; Johnston, T.P.; Sahebkar, A. Anti-inflammatory action of statins in cardiovascular disease: The role of inflammasome and toll-like receptor pathways. Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol., 2021, 60(2), 175-199.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12016-020-08791-9] [PMID: 32378144]
[112]
Bahrami, A.; Parsamanesh, N.; Atkin, S.L.; Banach, M.; Sahebkar, A. Effect of statins on toll-like receptors: A new insight to pleiotropic effects. Pharmacol. Res., 2018, 135, 230-238.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2018.08.014] [PMID: 30120976]
[113]
Khalifeh, M.; Penson, P.; Banach, M.; Sahebkar, A. Statins as anti-pyroptotic agents. Arch. Med. Sci., 2021, 17(5), 1414-1417.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5114/aoms/141155] [PMID: 34522271]
[114]
Shakour, N.; Ruscica, M.; Hadizadeh, F.; Cirtori, C.; Banach, M.; Jamialahmadi, T.; Sahebkar, A. Statins and C-reactive protein: In silico evidence on direct interaction. Arch. Med. Sci., 2020, 16(6), 1432-1439.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5114/aoms.2020.100304] [PMID: 33224343]
[115]
Morita, H.; Saito, Y.; Ohashi, N.; Yoshikawa, M.; Katoh, M.; Ashida, T.; Kurihara, H.; Nakamura, T.; Kurabayashi, M.; Nagai, R. Fluvastatin ameliorates the hyperhomocysteinemia-induced endothelial dysfunction: The antioxidative properties of fluvastatin. Circ. J., 2005, 69(4), 475-480.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1253/circj.69.475] [PMID: 15791046]
[116]
Sahebkar, A.; Pećin, I.; Tedeschi-Reiner, E.; Derosa, G.; Maffioli, P.; Reiner, Ž. Effects of statin therapy on augmentation index as a measure of arterial stiffness: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int. J. Cardiol., 2016, 212, 160-168.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.03.010] [PMID: 27038725]
[117]
Redfearn, D.P.; Trim, G.M.; Skanes, A.C.; Petrellis, B.; Krahn, A.D.; Yee, R.; Klein, G.J. Esophageal temperature monitoring during radiofrequency ablation of atrial fibrillation. J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol., 2005, 16(6), 589-593.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8167.2005.40825.x] [PMID: 15946354]
[118]
Schroecksnadel, K.; Frick, B.; Winkler, C.; Wirleitner, B.; Weiss, G.; Fuchs, D. Atorvastatin suppresses homocysteine formation in stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med., 2005, 43(12), 1373-1376.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/CCLM.2005.234] [PMID: 16309375]
[119]
Amioka, N.; Miyoshi, T. Fibrates: A possible treatment option for patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm? Biomolecules, 2022, 12(1), 74.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom12010074] [PMID: 35053222]
[120]
Inoue, I.; Goto, S.; Matsunaga, T.; Nakajima, T.; Awata, T.; Hokari, S.; Komoda, T.; Katayama, S. The ligands/activators for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) and PPARγ increase Cu2+, Zn2+-superoxide dismutase and decrease p22phox message expressions in primary endothelial cells. Metabolism, 2001, 50(1), 3-11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/meta.2001.19415] [PMID: 11172467]
[121]
Zinellu, A.; Mangoni, A.A. A systematic review and meta- analysis of the effect of statins on glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase. Antioxidants, 2021, 10(11), 1841.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10111841] [PMID: 34829712]
[122]
Morillas-Ruiz, J.M.; Rubio-Perez, J.M.; Albaladejo, M.D.; Zafrilla, P.; Parra, S.; Vidal-Guevara, M.L. Effect of an antioxidant drink on homocysteine levels in Alzheimer’s patients. J. Neurol. Sci., 2010, 299(1-2), 175-178.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2010.08.050] [PMID: 20850133]
[123]
Peng, X.; Gao, Q.; Zhou, J.; Ma, J.; Zhao, D.; Hao, L. Association between dietary antioxidant vitamins intake and homocysteine levels in middle-aged and older adults with hypertension: A cross-sectional study. BMJ Open, 2021, 11(10), e045732.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-045732] [PMID: 34642187]
[124]
Gouédard, C.; Koum-Besson, N.; Barouki, R.; Morel, Y. Opposite regulation of the human paraoxonase-1 gene PON-1 by fenofibrate and statins. Mol. Pharmacol., 2003, 63(4), 945-956.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/mol.63.4.945] [PMID: 12644596]
[125]
Foucher, C.; Brugère, L.; Ansquer, J.C. Fenofibrate, homocysteine and renal function. Curr. Vasc. Pharmacol., 2010, 8(5), 589-603.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/157016110792006987] [PMID: 20507276]
[126]
Hadjivasilis, A.; Kouis, P.; Kousios, A.; Panayiotou, A. The effect of fibrates on kidney function and chronic kidney disease progression: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised studies. J. Clin. Med., 2022, 11(3), 768.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11030768] [PMID: 35160220]
[127]
Goffin, E.; Jamar, F.; Desager, J.P.; Devuyst, O. Implication of fibrate therapy for homocysteine.. Lancet, 1999, 354(9185), 1209.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)75417-9] [PMID: 10513738]
[128]
Zhang, Z.; Gu, X.; Fang, X.; Tang, Z.; Guan, S.; Liu, H.; Wu, X.; Wang, C.; Zhao, Y. Homocysteine and the risk of cardiovascular events and all-cause death in elderly population: A community-based prospective cohort study. Ther. Clin. Risk Manag., 2020, 16, 471-481.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/TCRM.S239496] [PMID: 32547044]
[129]
Huo, Y.; Li, J.; Qin, X.; Huang, Y.; Wang, X.; Gottesman, R.F.; Tang, G.; Wang, B.; Chen, D.; He, M.; Fu, J.; Cai, Y.; Shi, X.; Zhang, Y.; Cui, Y.; Sun, N.; Li, X.; Cheng, X.; Wang, J.; Yang, X.; Yang, T.; Xiao, C.; Zhao, G.; Dong, Q.; Zhu, D.; Wang, X.; Ge, J.; Zhao, L.; Hu, D.; Liu, L.; Hou, F.F. Efficacy of folic acid therapy in primary prevention of stroke among adults with hypertension in China: The CSPPT randomized clinical trial. JAMA, 2015, 313(13), 1325-1335.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2015.2274] [PMID: 25771069]
[130]
Blais, J.E.; Tong, G.K.Y.; Pathadka, S.; Mok, M.; Wong, I.C.K.; Chan, E.W. Comparative efficacy and safety of statin and fibrate monotherapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis of head-to-head randomized controlled trials. PLoS One, 2021, 16(2), e0246480.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246480] [PMID: 33561179]
[131]
Terra, S.G.; Francone, O.L.; Contant, C.F.; Gao, X.; Lewin, A.J.; Nguyen, T.T. Efficacy and safety of a potent and selective peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha agonist in subjects with dyslipidemia and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am. J. Cardiol., 2008, 102(4), 434-439.

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
42
2
Wayfinder Image
Open Access Journals Promotions
World Antimicrobial Awareness Week
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy