[1]
Faselis C, Doumas M, Papademetriou V. Common secondary causes of resistant hypertension and rational for treatment. Int J Hypertens 2011; 2011: 236239
[2]
Conn JW, Part I. Painting background. Part II. Primary aldosteronism, a new clinical syndrome. J Lab Clin Med 1955; 45: 3-17.
[3]
Mulatero P, Stowasser M, Loh KC, et al. Increased diagnosis of primary aldosteronism, including surgically correctable forms, in centers from five continents. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89: 1045-50.
[4]
Funder JW, Carey RM, Mantero F, et al. The management of primary aldosteronism: Case detection, diagnosis, and treatment: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016; 101: 1889-916.
[5]
Rossi GP, Bernini G, Caliumi C, et al. A prospective study of the prevalence of primary aldosteronism in 1,125 hypertensive patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 48: 2293-300.
[6]
Douma S, Petidis K, Doumas M, et al. Prevalence of primary hyperaldosteronism in resistant hypertension: A retrospective observational study. Lancet 2008; 371: 1921-6.
[7]
Maiolino G, Rossitto G, Bisogni V, et al. Quantitative value of aldosterone-renin ratio for detection of aldosterone-producing adenoma: The Aldosterone-Renin Ratio for Primary Aldosteronism (AQUARR) study. J Am Heart Assoc 2017; 6(: pii: )e005574
[8]
Monticone S, Burrello J, Tizzani D, et al. Prevalence and clinical manifestations of primary aldosteronism encountered in Primary Care Practice. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017; 69: 1811-20.
[9]
Käyser SC, Dekkers T, Groenewoud HJ, et al. Study heterogeneity and estimation of prevalence of primary aldosteronism: A systematic review and meta-regression analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016; 101: 2826-35.
[10]
Funder JW. Aldosterone and mineralocorticoid receptors-physiology and pathophysiology. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18 : pii: E1032
[11]
Doumas M, Douma S. Primary aldosteronism: A field on the move.In: Tsioufis C, Schmieder R, Mancia G, eds. . Interventional Therapies for Secondary and Essential Hypertension, Updates in Hypertension and Cardiovascular Protection. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing 2016; pp. 26-55.
[12]
Savard S, Amar L, Plouin PF, et al. Cardiovascular complications associated with primary aldosteronism: a controlled cross-sectional study. Hypertension 2013; 62: 331-6.
[13]
Monticone S, D’Ascenzo F, Moretti C, et al. Cardiovascular events and target organ damage in primary aldosteronism compared with essential hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2018; 6: 41-50.
[14]
Williams B, Mancia G, Spiering W, et al. 2018 ESC/ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology and the European Society of Hypertension. J Hypertens 2018; 36: 1953-2041.
[15]
Karagiannis A. Treatment of primary aldosteronism: Where are we now? Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2011; 12: 15-20.
[16]
Stavropoulos K, Imprialos KP, Doumas M, et al. Subclinical target organ damage in primary aldosteronism: Resistant to spironolactone therapy? J Hypertens 2018; 36: 701.
[17]
Karagiannis A, Tziomalos K, Kakafika AI, et al. Medical treatment as an alternative to adrenalectomy in patients with aldosterone-producing adenomas. Endocr Relat Cancer 2008; 15: 693-700.
[18]
Williams TA, Lenders JWM, Mulatero P, et al. Outcomes after adrenalectomy for unilateral primary aldosteronism: An international consensus on outcome measures and analysis of remission rates in an international cohort. Lancet Endocrinol 2017; 5: 689-99.
[19]
Ito Y, Takeda R, Karashima S, et al. Prevalence of primary aldosteronism among prehypertensive and stage 1 hypertensive subjects. Hypertens Res 2011; 34: 98-102.
[20]
Rossi GP. Does primary aldosteronism exist in normotensive and mildly hypertensive patients, and should we look for it? Hypertens Res 2011; 34: 43-6.
[22]
Brown JM, Robinson-Cohen C, Luque-Fernandez MA, et al. The spectrum of subclinical primary aldosteronism and incident hypertension: A cohort study. Ann Intern Med 2017; 167: 630-41.
[23]
Fassnacht M, Arlt W, Bancos I, et al. Management of adrenal incidentalomas: European Society of Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline in collaboration with the European Network for the Study of Adrenal Tumors. Eur J Endocrinol 2016; 175: G1-G34.
[24]
Stavropoulos K, Imprialos KP, Doumas M. Bypass of confirmatory tests for case detection of primary aldosteronism in leaner patients? J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2017; 19: 798-800.
[25]
Wolley MJ, Stowasser M. New advances in the diagnostic workup of primary aldosteronism. J Endocr Soc 2017; 1: 149-61.
[26]
Doumas M, Athyros V, Papademetriou V. Screening for primary aldosteronism: Whom and how? J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2015; 17: 547-8.
[27]
Stavropoulos K, Imprialos KP, Katsiki N, et al. Primary aldosteronism in patients with adrenal incidentaloma: Is screening appropriate for everyone? J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2018; 20: 942-8.
[28]
Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA Guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 2018; 71: e127-248.
[29]
Tirosh A, Hannah-Shmouni F, Lyssikatos C, et al. Obesity and the diagnostic accuracy for primary aldosteronism. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2017; 19: 790-7.
[30]
Rye P, So B, Harvey A, et al. Unadjusted plasma renin activity as a ‘first look’ test to decide upon further investigations for primary aldosteronism. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2015; 17: 541-6.
[31]
Ahmed AH, Cowley D, Wolley M, et al. Seated saline suppression testing for the diagnosis of primary aldosteronism: A preliminary study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99: 2745-53.
[32]
Funder JW. Primary aldosteronism: New answers, new questions. Horm Metab Res 2015; 47: 935-40.
[33]
Gouli A, Kaltsas G, Tzonou A, et al. High prevalence of autonomous aldosterone secretion among patients with essential hypertension. Eur J Clin Invest 2011; 41: 1227-36.
[34]
Markou A, Sertedak A, Kaltsas G, et al. Stress-induced aldosterone hypersecretion in a substantial subset of patients with essential hypertension. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015; 100: 2857-64.
[35]
Rossi GD, Auchus RJ, Brown M, et al. An expert consensus statement on use of adrenal vein sampling for the subtyping of primary aldosteronism. Hypertension 2014; 63: 151-60.
[36]
Rossi GP, Funder JW. Adrenal vein sampling is the preferred method to select patients with primary aldosteronism for adrenalectomy: Pro side of the argument. Hypertension 2018; 71: 5-9.
[37]
Rossi GP. Update in adrenal venous sampling for primary aldosteronism. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2018; 25: 160-71.
[38]
Young WF, Stanson AW, Thompson GB, et al. Role for adrenal venous sampling in ptimary aldosteronism. Surgery 2004; 136: 1227-35.
[39]
Patel SM, Lingam RK, Beaconsfield TI, et al. Role of radiology in the management of primary aldosteronism. Radiographics 2007; 27: 1145-57.
[40]
Kempers MJ, Lenders JW, van Outheusden L, et al. Systematic review: Diagnostic procedure to differentiate unilateral from bilateral adrenal abnormality in primary aldosteronism. Ann Intern Med 2009; 151: 329-37.
[41]
Raman SP, Lessne M, Kawamoto S, et al. Diagnostic performance of multidetector computed tomography in distinguishing unilateral from bilateral abnormalities in primary hyperaldosteronism: comparison of multidetector computed tomography with adrenal vein sampling. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2015; 39: 414-8.
[42]
Deinum J, Prejbisz A, Lenders JWM, et al. Adrenal vein sampling is the preferred method to select patients with primary aldosteronism for adrenalectomy: Con side of the argument. Hypertension 2018; 71: 10-4.
[43]
Williams TA, Burrello J, Sechi LA, et al. Computed tomography and adrenal venous sampling in the diagnosis of unilateral primary aldosteronism. Hypertension 2018; 72: 641-9.
[44]
Riester A, Fischer E, Degenhart C, et al. Age below 40 or a recently proposed clinical prediction score cannot bypass adrenal venous sampling in primary aldosteronism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99: E1035-9.
[45]
Mulatero P, Bertello C, Rossato D, et al. Roles of clinical criteria, computed tomography scan, and adrenal vein sampling in differential diagnosis of primary aldosteronism subtypes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93: 1366-71.
[46]
Venos ES, So B, Dias VC, et al. A clinical prediction score for diagnosing unilateral primary aldosteronism may not be generalizable. BMC Endocr Disord 2014; 14: 94.
[47]
Sze WC, Soh LM, Lau JH, et al. Diagnosing unilateral primary aldosteronism - comparison of a clinical prediction score, computed tomography and adrenal venous sampling. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2014; 81: 25-30.
[48]
Küpers EM, Amar L, Raynaud A, et al. A clinical prediction score to diagnose unilateral primary aldosteronism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012; 97: 3530-7.
[49]
Abe T, Naruse M, Young WF Jr, et al. A novel CYP11B2-specific imaging agent for detection of unilateral subtypes of primary aldosteronism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016; 101: 1008-15.
[50]
Heinze B, Fuss CT, Mulatero P, et al. Targeting CXCR4 (CXC Chemokine Receptor Type 4) for molecular imaging of aldosterone-producing adenoma. Hypertension 2018; 71: 317-25.
[51]
Prada ETA, Burrello J, Reincke M, et al. Old and new concepts in the molecular pathogenesis of primary aldosteronism. Hypertension 2018; 70: 875-81.
[52]
Mulatero P, Monticone S, Rainey WE, et al. Role of KCNJ5 in familial and sporadic primary aldosteronism. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2013; 9: 104-12.
[53]
Scholl UI, Abriola L, Zhang C, et al. Macrolides selectively inhibit mutant KCNJ5 potassium channels that cause aldosterone-producing adenoma. J Clin Invest 2017; 127: 2739-50.
[54]
Caroccia B, Prisco S, Seccia TM, et al. Macrolides blunt aldosterone biosynthesis: a proof-of-concept study in KCNJ5 mutated adenoma cells ex vivo. Hypertension 2017; 70: 1238-42.
[55]
Maiolino G, Ceolotto G, Battistel M, et al. Macrolides for KCNJ5-mutated aldosterone-producing adenoma (MAPA): Design of a study for personalized diagnosis of primary aldosteronism. Blood Press 2018; 27: 200-5.
[56]
Scortegagna M, Berthon A, Settas N, et al. The E3 ubiquitin ligase Siah1 regulates adrenal gland organization and aldosterone secretion. JCI Insight 2017; 2(pii: ): 97128.
115
6
1
1
