Abstract
Background: Immune responses including Microglia and macrophage activation and peripheral immune cells infiltration have been founded in the central nervous system (CNS) in recent years. Thus, the traditional view of the adult brain as an immune-privileged organ has been changed.
Methods: A systematic literature search was performed using Pubmed and Embase electronic databases without any limitations for a retrospective analysis. Results: The increase a number of studies indicated that the PD-1(programmed cell death-1)/PD-Ls signal pathway played an important role in regulating the immunopathogenesis of brain after injured. The relevant knowledges about PD-1/PD-Ls signal pathway, and potential effect with immune cells, cerebral ischemia, brain tumors and multiple sclerosis were reviewed in this paper. Conclusion: PD-1/PD-Ls played important roles in maintaining immunity balance and the development and prognosis of CNS diseases, but the specific mechanism was still not well understood.Keywords: CNS disorders, glioblastoma, immunopathogenesis, ischemia, multiple sclerosis, PD-1/PD-Ls.
Graphical Abstract
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
Electrospun Fibers as Drug Delivery Systems
In recent years, electrospun fibers have attracted considerable attention as potential platforms for drug delivery due to their distinctive properties and adaptability. These fibers feature a notable surface area-to-volume ratio and can be intentionally designed with high porosity, facilitating an increased capacity for drug loading and rendering them suitable for ...read more
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Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous vesicles released from almost all types of cells into extracellular space. EVs are categorized into different types including exosome (~30-150 nm), microvesicle or microparticle (~100-1,000 nm), apoptotic body (~1,000-5,000 nm), and others produced by different mechanisms. Since EVs bear the molecules (e.g., specific lipids, carbohydrates, ...read more
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The thematic issue “Innovative Approaches in Drug Delivery Systems” aims to cover current innovative applications in the field of drug delivery. This issue will focus on the latest developments in nanocarrier systems, tumor targeting, neurodegenerative diseases, inhalers, bioavailability, and topical applications. This issue will cover a wide range of topics, ...read more
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